As confidentially submitted to the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 29, 2024.

This draft registration statement has not been publicly filed with the

Securities and Exchange Commission and all information herein remains strictly confidential.

Registration No. 333-   

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

ServiceTitan, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

ServiceTitan, Inc.

800 N. Brand Blvd.

Suite 100

Glendale, California 91203

(855) 899-0970

(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

Ara Mahdessian

Chief Executive Officer

800 N. Brand Blvd.

Suite 100

Glendale, California 91203

(855) 899-0970

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this registration statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933 check the following box.  ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant will file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement will thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement will become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Pursuant to the applicable provisions of the Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act, we are omitting our consolidated financial statements as of and for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022 because they relate to historical periods that we believe will not be required to be included in the prospectus at the time of the contemplated offering, and we are omitting our consolidated financial statements as of October 31, 2023 and for the nine months ended October 31, 2022 and 2023, and the financial statements of FSH TopCo, LLC, a company acquired by us, because we believe such financial information will not be required to be separately presented in the prospectus at the time of the contemplated offering. We intend to amend this registration statement to include all financial information required by Regulation S-X at the date of such amendment before distributing a preliminary prospectus to investors.

The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject To Completion. Dated      , 2024.

      Shares

Common Stock

This is an initial public offering of shares of common stock of ServiceTitan, Inc.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our common stock. It is currently estimated that the initial public offering price per share will be between $      and $     . We intend to apply to list our common stock on the    under the symbol “   ”.

We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 and, as such, may elect to comply with certain reduced public company reporting requirements in future reports after the completion of this offering.

See the section titled “Risk Factors” beginning on page 20 to read about factors you should consider before buying shares of our common stock.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

To the extent that the underwriters sell more than       shares of common stock, the underwriters have the option to purchase up to an additional       shares from ServiceTitan, Inc. at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discount.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares against payment in New York, New York, on or about      .

Prospectus dated      , 2024

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Through and including      , 2024 (the 25^th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers effecting transactions in these securities, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to a dealer’s obligation to deliver a prospectus when acting as an underwriter and with respect to an unsold allotment or subscription.

Neither we nor any of the underwriters have authorized anyone to provide any information or to make any representations other than those contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectuses we have prepared. Neither we nor any of the underwriters take responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of its date, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of our common stock.

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor any of the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of the shares of our common stock and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below, together with all of the other information in this prospectus, including the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus before making a decision to invest in our common stock. Our business, financial condition, results of operations or prospects could also be harmed by risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently do not believe are material. If any of the risks actually occur, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected. In that event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose part or all of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have experienced rapid growth in recent periods, and such growth may not be indicative of our future growth. If we fail to properly manage future growth, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be materially adversely affected.

We have experienced rapid growth in recent periods; however, our recent revenue growth rate and financial performance should not be considered indicative of our future performance. Our revenue was $467.7 million and $    million for fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2024, respectively, representing a year-over-year increase of over % in aggregate. Our overall revenue growth depends on a number of factors, including our ability to:

You should not rely on our revenue or key business metrics for any previous quarterly or annual period as any indication of our revenue, revenue growth, key business metrics or key business metrics growth in future periods. We expect our revenue growth rate to continue to fluctuate over the short term, and even if our revenue continues

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to increase, our revenue growth rate may decline in future periods as the size of our business grows and we achieve higher market adoption rates. Our opportunity for future growth also depends on other factors generally outside of our control, including changes in our customers’ budgetary constraints, end-customer use of the trades we serve, regulatory and macroeconomic conditions, business practices within the trades, increased competition and consolidation of businesses within the trades. We also expect to continue to make investments in the development and expansion of our business, which may not result in increased revenue. Further, our revenue growth rate may experience increased volatility due to global societal and economic disruption. If we do not effectively address these risks and maintain revenue growth, the value of our capital stock could be adversely affected.

We have a history of losses and may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability in the future.

We have incurred net losses in each year since our inception, and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability in the future. We incurred net losses of $269.5 million and $      million in fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2024, respectively, and we had an accumulated deficit of $     million as of January 31, 2024. Generally, we expect our costs will increase over time and our losses to continue as we expect to invest significant additional funds towards growing our business and operating as a public company. In addition, we have expended, and expect to continue to expend, substantial financial and other resources on product development; our technology infrastructure, including systems architecture, management tools, scalability, availability, performance and security, as well as disaster recovery measures; our sales, marketing and customer success organizations; our onboarding and support organizations; acquisitions or strategic investments; expansion efforts, including geographic, market and new industry expansion; and general administration, including legal and accounting expenses as well as the increased operating expenses due to being a public company. These efforts may be more costly than we expect and may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business. Any failure to increase our revenue sufficiently to keep pace with our investments and other expenses could negatively impact our gross margins and prevent us from achieving or maintaining profitability or positive cash flows on a consistent basis. If we are unable to successfully address these risks and challenges as we encounter them, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

If we fail to manage our growth effectively, our brand and reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We have experienced strong growth in our employee headcount, our reach across trades, the number of customers we serve and the number of transactions we process on our platform, and we expect to continue to experience growth in the future. For example, our employee headcount increased from 833 as of January 31, 2020 to     as of January 31, 2024, and we added employees both at our headquarters in Glendale, California and in a number of locations across the United States and internationally. Further, our revenue increased from $179.2 million for fiscal year 2021 to $    for fiscal year 2024. In addition, we have and may continue to pursue acquisitions to expand our business and operations. This rapid growth and organizational change have placed, and may continue to place, significant demands on our management and our operational and financial resources and could challenge our ability to develop and improve our operational, financial and management controls; enhance our reporting systems and procedures; recruit, train and retain highly skilled personnel; and maintain customer satisfaction.

Our ability to manage our growth effectively and to integrate new employees, technologies and acquisitions into our existing business will require us to continue to expand our operational and financial infrastructure and to continue to effectively integrate, develop and motivate a large number of new employees, while maintaining the beneficial aspects of our culture. As we serve a growing number of customers and facilitate a growing number of transactions on our platform, we must continue to improve and expand our IT and financial infrastructure, operating and administrative systems and relationships with various partners and other third parties. We have established research and development hubs and we rely on engineering contractors in international markets, and we may open additional offices in the future both in the United States and abroad. Because we employ personnel

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internationally, we are subject to additional risks customarily associated with foreign operations, such as labor and employment related risks, export compliance risks, risks related to political or regional instability and national security risks. For example, we previously engaged engineering contractors in Russia, Poland and other Eastern European countries. On February 24, 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, and soon thereafter, in response to U.S. sanctions, we restricted access to our software for Russian engineers and arranged to move certain contractors out of Russia for the purpose of continuing to perform engineering services for us. These actions led to some limited disruptions in our development activities, and further disruptions may take place in nearby countries where we have operations like Armenia, Macedonia, and Poland if the instability were to spread or the United States was to impose additional sanctions. These disruptions, and the outbreak of war in the area generally, have adversely affected, and could continue to adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, our organizational structure is becoming more complex as we improve our operational, financial and management controls as well as our reporting systems and procedures. We will require significant capital expenditures and our calculated allocation of valuable management resources to grow and change in these areas without undermining the corporate culture of rapid innovation, teamwork and attention to customer success that has been central to our growth so far. If we fail to manage our anticipated growth and change in a manner that preserves the key aspects of our corporate culture, the quality of our solutions may suffer, which could negatively affect our brand and reputation and our ability to retain and attract customers, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our results of operations are likely to fluctuate from period to period, which could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Our results of operations may vary significantly from period to period, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and cause the market price of our common stock to decline. As a result, you should not rely upon our historical results of operations as indicators of future performance. We expect that our results of operations will vary as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including:

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The variability and unpredictability of our results of operations could result in our failure to meet our expectations or those of analysts that cover us or investors with respect to revenue or other results of operations for a particular period. If we fail to meet or exceed such expectations, the market price of our common stock could fall substantially, and we could face costly lawsuits, including securities class action suits.

If we fail to effectively develop and commercialize new products, enhance and improve our platform, expand the number of trades we support, respond to changes in trades business demands or preferences or adapt to changes in trade industry practices, processes and technological advances, we may not remain competitive.

Our ability to grow our customer base and increase revenue from customers will depend heavily on our ability to develop new products and enhance and improve our platform in order to meet the increasing needs of trades businesses across the trades we serve and intend to serve, respond to changes in customer demands and preferences, adapt to changes in trade industry practices, processes and technology and interoperate across an increasing range of devices, operating systems and third-party applications. Our customers may demand products and capabilities that our current platform does not have, or that our current platform cannot support, and we may need to invest significantly in research and development to build these products and capabilities. In addition, the trades businesses we serve experience their own rapid technological changes and evolving industry practices.

Any new product or platform enhancements we develop or acquire might not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner and might not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If any of our competitors implement new technologies before we are able to implement them, those competitors may be able to provide more effective products and services than ours at lower prices. Competitors may also develop and introduce new products or entirely new technologies to replace our existing platform, which could make our platform obsolete or adversely affect our business. New products or platform enhancements may initially suffer from performance and quality issues that may negatively impact our ability to market and sell such products to new and existing customers. Additionally, we may experience difficulties with software development, design or marketing that could delay or prevent our development, introduction or implementation of new products, features or capabilities. We have in the past experienced delays in our internally planned release dates of new products, features and capabilities, and there can be no assurance that new products, features or capabilities will be released according to schedule. If our research and development investments do not accurately anticipate customer demand, if we fail to realize the benefits of these investments by not achieving market acceptance, or our new products or platform enhancements suffer from performance or quality issues or are delayed, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

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We have incorporated and may continue to incorporate traditional AI, machine learning and GenAI solutions into our platform, offerings, services, and features, including those based on large language models, or LLMs, and these applications may become more important to our operations or to our future growth over time. We expect to rely on AI solutions to help drive future growth in our business, but there can be no assurance that we will realize the desired or anticipated benefits from AI or at all. We may also fail to properly implement or market our AI solutions. Our competitors or other third parties may incorporate AI into their products more quickly or more successfully than us, which could impair our ability to compete effectively and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our operations can be seasonal, and the results of our operations can vary from quarter to quarter and year-over-year, so our financial performance in certain financial quarters or years may not be indicative of, or comparable to, our financial performance in subsequent financial quarters or years.

Our financial results and cash needs may vary greatly from quarter to quarter and year to year depending on, among other things, the business performance of our customers, the seasonality inherent in some of our customers’ businesses (e.g., air conditioning demand peaking in summer months), extreme weather patterns (e.g., cold spikes causing increased demand for furnace and other home repairs), general economic conditions and the timing of holidays and other seasonal events. Because our results may vary significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year, our financial results for one quarter or year cannot necessarily be compared to another quarter or year and may not be indicative of our future financial performance in subsequent quarters or years. As we serve larger customers and as we enter different trade verticals, the sales cycle may increase the variation of our results from quarter to quarter and year to year.

Factors that adversely affect the trades industry, including industry consolidation, the increased prevalence of marketplaces for contractors, supply chain issues and labor shortages, could also adversely affect the demand for our platform and, as a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We derive substantially all of our revenue from sales to trades businesses and transactions processed by such businesses. As a result, macroeconomic factors that negatively impact the trades industry, including industry consolidation, increased consumer reliance on online marketplaces connecting consumers to contractors, supply chain challenges, labor shortages and a lack of demand by consumers for the services provided by the trades, could also adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Consolidation of trades businesses into larger industry participants within the trades has accelerated in recent years, and this trend could continue. We have in the past suffered, and may continue to suffer, reductions in subscriptions or non-renewal of customer subscriptions due to industry consolidation. We may not be able to expand sales of our subscriptions, Pro products and FinTech offerings to existing or new customers enough to counteract any negative impact of industry consolidation on our business. New companies that result from such consolidation may decide to develop their own internal solutions or work with alternative providers. As these companies consolidate, competition to provide solutions and services will become more intense and establishing relationships with large industry participants will become more important. Additionally, these industry participants may also try to use their market power to negotiate price reductions for our subscriptions. If consolidation of our larger customers occurs, these consolidated companies may represent a larger percentage of business for us and, as a result, we are likely to rely more significantly on revenue from such consolidated companies to continue to achieve growth.

Trades businesses are also experiencing supply chain challenges, including shortages of equipment, manufactured goods and supplies, which negatively affect their ability to accept and perform certain jobs. Additionally, sharply rising prices of gasoline and other fleet management costs may affect the profitability of routes for technicians in the field, especially those involving large amounts of driving. When such supply chain shortages and issues arise, our customers may reduce their levels of spending, which could result in decreased demand for our platform, as well as a decrease in the transactions processed on our platform.

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Moreover, trades businesses have experienced labor shortages as a result of an aging labor force and difficulty attracting new workers into the trades. These labor shortages can prevent trades businesses from accepting new jobs, limiting their businesses and reducing their revenues. The pricing of our subscription platform is partially based on the number of technicians employed by each of our customers, and any reduction in the skilled labor force hampers the growth of our customers and may negatively impact our revenues. Accordingly, our ability to efficiently provide our platform to trades businesses and to grow or maintain our customer base, and, as a result, our business, financial condition and results of operations, could be adversely affected by these and other factors that adversely affect the trades generally.

We have a limited operating history at our current scale in an evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk that we are not successful.

We have rapidly grown our business. For example, we first launched our platform in 2012, and our revenue has grown from $120.7 million in fiscal 2020 to $    million in fiscal 2024. We have started to expand our sales focus to include large businesses, commercial services and construction customers, and expect to continue to explore new trades. We have also substantially increased our headcount, invested in expanding our direct sales force and customer support teams and otherwise enhanced and developed new solutions. Accordingly, we have a limited history of operations at our current scale, and our ability to forecast our future results of operations and to plan for future growth is more limited than that of companies with longer operating histories and subject to a number of uncertainties. These risks and uncertainties include our ability to:

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If we fail to address the risks, including those associated with the challenges listed above as well as those described elsewhere in this section titled “Risk Factors,” and difficulties that we face, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Further, because we operate in a rapidly evolving market and have limited experience preparing financial forecasts, any predictions about our future revenue and expenses may not be as accurate as they would be if we had a longer operating history at our current scale or operated in a more predictable market. We have encountered in the past, and will encounter in the future, risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by growing companies with limited operating histories in rapidly changing industries. If our assumptions regarding these risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan and operate our business, are incorrect or change, or if we do not address these risks successfully, our results of operations could differ materially from our expectations and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We engage our team members in various ways, including direct hires, through professional employer organizations and as independent contractors. As a result of these methods of engagement, we face certain challenges and risks that can affect our business, operating results, and financial condition.

In the locations where we directly hire our employees, we must ensure that we are compliant with the applicable local laws governing team members in those jurisdictions, including local employment and tax laws. In the locations where we utilize professional employer organizations, or PEOs, we contract with the PEO for it to serve as “Employer of Record” for those team members engaged through the PEO in each applicable location. Under this model, team members are employed by the PEO but provide services to ServiceTitan. We also engage team members through a PEO self-employed model in certain jurisdictions where we contract with the PEO, which in turn contracts with individual team members as independent contractors. In all locations where we utilize PEOs, we rely on those PEOs to comply with local employment laws and regulations and to ensure our ownership of the intellectual property developed by the team members. We also issue equity to a substantial portion of our team members, including team members engaged through PEOs and to independent contractors, and must ensure we remain compliant with securities laws of the applicable jurisdiction where such team members are located.

Additionally, in some cases, we utilize independent contractors. When we utilize a PEO or independent contractors, we may not be operating in strict compliance with local laws and regulations. Additionally, the agreements executed between PEOs and our team members or between us and team members engaged under the independent contractor model, may not be enforceable depending on the local laws because of the indirect relationship created through these engagement models. Accordingly, as a result of our engagement of team members through PEOs, and of our relationship with independent contractors, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Furthermore, litigation related to our model of engaging team members, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources from our business.

The impact of economic conditions, including the resulting effect on consumer spending and on our customers’ finances and operations, may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The trades are impacted by economic slowdowns, tightening of economic policies, tariffs on imported goods, fluctuations in interest rates, which can increase borrowing costs, and other actions that affect material and equipment pricing and availability such as higher inflation. Unfavorable or deteriorating market conditions, reductions in maintenance spend by commercial property owners or residential customers, the unavailability of specific materials or supplies, reductions in the availability of business financing, government action which prevents or hinders the rendering of on-premise services or similar circumstances could have an adverse impact on our business. Our revenue may decrease because trades businesses may generally choose to delay or decide against purchases of software or information systems in times of unfavorable economic conditions, because workforce challenges or governmental policies prevent sufficient labor to meet demand or because fewer transactions are processed on our platform, resulting in reduced fees to us. Furthermore, if the trades industry

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experiences a decrease in overall economic activity, the amount our customers are willing to pay for our products could be reduced. Contractors may also work on fewer jobs, which would result in a reduction in transactions processed over our platform. To the extent we do not effectively address these risks and challenges, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition, in the event of a general economic downturn or sudden disruption in business conditions, consumer and small business confidence, spending levels, access to credit and interest rates could be adversely affected, which could result in consumers delaying or foregoing purchasing primary or vacation residences, or purchasing smaller homes that may require lower-value home services, businesses foregoing investment or businesses or consumers delaying, foregoing or changing the scope of potential home or business projects. Decreased spend on home and commercial services could result in fewer transactions being processed over our platform, which could cause our revenue to decrease, and could also result in less income for our customers, hampering their ability to pay for our platform. These effects could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is sensitive to events and trends that impact spend across the trades, including natural disasters, pandemics and climate change.

We have historically been, and will continue to be, sensitive to events and trends, including pandemics, natural disasters, extreme weather events and climate change, that result in changes in demand for trades businesses. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, increased time spent in the home led to a temporary increase in home services projects, and hotter temperatures caused in part by climate change have led to surges in demand during the summer for our customers’ HVAC repair services. Weather events and natural disasters can also have drastic impacts on our customers and technical infrastructure and network systems. If we do not adequately prepare our systems and organization, other similar events or trends could cause a surge in activity for our customers and lead to system failures and delays in customer support, among other effects, which could harm our brand, reputation and our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Pandemics, natural disasters, political crises and other unexpected events could also have a direct negative impact on our own operations. Our corporate headquarters are located in California, a region known for seismic activity and severe fires, and our insurance coverage may not compensate us for losses that may occur in the event of an earthquake or other significant natural disaster, such as a fire, mudslide, flood or significant power outage. In addition, depending on the geographic location of the event, a natural disaster, or a series of smaller weather events caused by climate change, could cause performance problems with our technology infrastructure and operations, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Although we maintain incident management and disaster response plans, in the event of a major disruption caused by a natural disaster or man-made problem, or outbreaks of pandemic diseases, including COVID-19, we may be unable to continue our operations and may experience system interruptions, which could impede our ability to serve technicians when they are needed most. Acts of terrorism and other geo-political unrest, including in Armenia, Macedonia, and Poland, where certain of our employees and engineering contractors are located, could also cause disruptions in our business or the business of our contractors, partners, vendors, or the economy as a whole. For example, we previously engaged engineering contractors in Russia, Poland and other Eastern European countries. On February 24, 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine, and soon thereafter, in response to U.S. sanctions, we restricted our Russian engineering contractors’ access to our software and arranged to move certain contractors out of Russia for the purpose of continuing to perform engineering services for us. These actions led to disruptions in our development activities, and further disruptions may take place in nearby countries where we have operations like Armenia, Macedonia, and Poland if the instability were to spread or the United States was to impose additional sanctions. All of the aforementioned risks may be further increased if our disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate, and could generally adversely affect our brand, reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

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The market for software designed to serve the trades is evolving, and our future success depends on the growth of the trades industry and our ability to adapt, keep pace and respond effectively to evolving markets.

Widespread acceptance and use of technology by the trades in general, and our platform in particular, is critical to our future growth and success. While we believe that our platform addresses a significant market opportunity, the market may develop more slowly than we expect. If the market for software designed to serve the trades does not develop further or develops more slowly than we expect, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. Demand for management software by trades businesses in general, and our platform in particular, is affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Some of these potential factors include:

If we are unable to successfully address these potential factors, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected.

We face competition from both established and new companies offering services similar to ours, and many of our potential customers have developed, or could develop, proprietary solutions, all of which may have a negative effect on our ability to add new customers, retain existing customers and/or grow our business.

Our industry is highly competitive, and as we expand to serve additional industries and trades, we will compete against a growing number of companies and solutions specific to those industries and trades. We compete either directly or indirectly with software vendors offering point-specific tools for specific elements of trade workflows, horizontal solutions for generic functionalities, legacy on-premise field service management applications, and narrow bundled solutions for down-market trades businesses. Examples of these software vendors include Salesforce, SAP, FieldEdge, Workwave, ServiceTrade, BuildOps, HouseCall Pro and Jobber. The larger enterprises with whom we currently compete, or with whom we may compete in the future, have significant financial, technical, marketing and other resources, and they are able to devote meaningful resources to the development, promotion, sale and support of their solutions and services. Some existing solutions have extensive installed customer bases and broad customer relationships, together with longer operating histories and greater name recognition than we have. Moreover, certain trade verticals we explore may already be served by well-established companies, presenting a potential challenge in establishing a foothold within those markets.

As a result, these competitors may be better able to undertake more extensive marketing campaigns and/or offer their solutions and services at a discount to ours. To the extent any of our competitors have existing relationships with potential customers, customers may be unwilling or unable to purchase our subscriptions because of those existing relationships and this may limit our ability to successfully compete in certain markets or trades. Additionally, new entrants to the market are focused on fast and automated implementation of their solutions, and while their products do not have our complete product sets, they provide minimum functionality that small businesses may believe to be sufficient, especially if such businesses are willing to sacrifice functionality for

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speed of deployment. If we are unable to compete with these existing or potential competitors and/or their products, the demand for our platform, our customer counts, and the revenue we generate could decline, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We have incorporated and are incorporating traditional AI, machine learning and GenAI into some of our products. This technology is new and developing and may present operational and reputational risks or result in liability or harm to our reputation, business, results of operations or customers.

While we have incorporated a number of AI features into our products and believe that providing AI tools and insights will become increasingly important to the value that our solutions and services deliver to our customers. As with many developing technologies, LLMs in particular are a new and emerging technology that is in its early stages of commercial use and presents a number of inherent risks and challenges that could affect further development, adoption, and use, and therefore our business. Due to the evolving nature of the algorithms and technology underpinning LLMs, there is a risk that our AI solutions could produce inaccurate or misleading content or other discriminatory or unexpected results or behaviors (e.g., LLM hallucinatory behavior that can generate irrelevant, nonsensical or factually incorrect results). Further, the content, analyses or recommendations generated by our LLMs could produce information or other content that infringes, misappropriates or violates the intellectual property rights of others. The occurrence of any of the foregoing could harm our reputation, business or customers and could result in additional lawsuits and regulatory investigations.

Moreover, our employees, third-party service providers, strategic partners, and other contractors or consultants may input inappropriate or confidential information into an AI system (in particular a system that is managed, owned or controlled by a third-party), thereby compromising our business operations, which may cause business operation disruptions, could divert the attention of management and key information technology resources, and possibly lead to security breaches, or the unauthorized access to or loss of our confidential information or other business data.

In addition, the use of AI involves significant technical complexity and requires specialized expertise. This specialized expertise can be difficult and costly to obtain given the increasing industry focus on AI development and competition for talent. As a result, it could be expensive for us to maintain and advance our AI developments. Further, our AI solutions rely on third-party proprietary machine learning algorithms and LLMs provided by third parties, such as Microsoft and OpenAI. If we are unable to continue to use such third-party assets, we may be unable to continue to provide our AI solutions which could harm our business and results of operations.

Additionally, the use of AI applications may result in future cybersecurity incidents that implicate the personal information of end users of such applications. Any such cybersecurity incidents related to our use of AI applications could lead to litigation or other proceedings and liability, and may adversely affect our reputation, business and results of operations.

If any of our vendors, service providers, employees or contractors, use any AI solutions in connection with our business or the services they provide to us, it may lead to the inadvertent disclosure of our confidential information, or that of our customers, into publicly available third-party training data sets, which may impact our ability to realize the benefit of, or adequately maintain, protect and enforce our intellectual property or confidential information, harming our customers and our competitive position and business. Our ability to mitigate risks associated with disclosure of our confidential information, including in connection with AI solutions, will depend on our implementation, maintenance, monitoring and enforcement of appropriate technical and administrative safeguards, policies and procedures governing the use of AI in our business.

Additionally, any content created by using LLMs may not be subject to copyright protection which may adversely affect our intellectual property rights in, or ability to commercialize or use, the content. In the United States, a number of civil lawsuits have been initiated related to the foregoing and other concerns, the outcome of

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any one of which may, amongst other things, require us to limit the ways in which we use AI in our business and may affect our ability to develop our AI solutions and features. While AI-related lawsuits to date have generally focused on the AI service providers themselves, our use of any output produced by a LLM may expose us to claims, increasing our risks of liability. For example, the output produced by LLMs may include information subject to certain rights of publicity or privacy laws or constitute an unauthorized derivative work of the copyrighted material used in training the underlying AI model, any of which could also create a risk of liability for us, or adversely affect our customers and our business or operations. To the extent that we do not have sufficient rights to use the data or other material or content used in or produced by the GenAI tools used in our business, or if we experience cybersecurity incidents in connection with our use of AI, it could adversely affect our reputation and expose us to legal liability or regulatory risk, including with respect to third-party intellectual property, privacy, publicity, contractual or other rights.

Further, social and ethical issues relating to the use of new and evolving technologies such as AI in our offerings, may result in reputational harm and liability, and may cause us to incur additional research and development costs to resolve such issues. AI presents emerging ethical issues and if we enable or offer solutions that draw controversy due to their perceived or actual impact on society, we may experience brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, or legal liability. Failure to address AI ethics issues by us or others in our industry could undermine public confidence in AI and slow adoption of AI in our products and services.

Moreover, as the regulatory framework for AI (and machine learning technology) evolves, it is possible that new laws and regulations will be adopted in the United States and in non-U.S. jurisdictions, or that existing laws and regulations may be interpreted in ways that would affect the operation of our business, including the way in which we use AI and machine learning technology. Our ability to provide AI-driven insights and products may also be constrained by current or future regulatory requirements that could restrict or impose burdensome and costly requirements on our ability to leverage data in innovative ways. Further, the cost to comply with such laws or regulations could be significant and could increase our operating expenses, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If the estimates and assumptions we have used to calculate the size of our addressable market opportunity are inaccurate, our future growth rate may be limited.

We have estimated the size of our addressable market opportunity based on data published by third parties and on internally generated data and assumptions. While we believe our market size information is generally reliable,

such information is inherently imprecise, and relies on our and third parties’ projections, assumptions and estimates within our target market, which are necessarily subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in this prospectus. If such third-party or internally generated data proves to be inaccurate or we make errors in our projections, assumptions or estimates based on that data, including how current customer data and trends may apply to potential future customers and the number and type of potential customers, our addressable market opportunity or our future growth rate may be less than we currently estimate. In addition, these inaccuracies or errors may cause us to divert resources from more valuable alternative projects and harm our business.

The variables that go into the calculation of our market opportunity are subject to change over time, and there is no guarantee that any particular number or percentage of addressable end customers or companies covered by our addressable target market opportunity estimates will purchase our platform at all or generate any particular level of revenue for us. Any expansion in our market depends on a number of factors, including the cost, performance and perceived value associated with our platform and those of our competitors. Even if our addressable market meets our size estimates, our business could fail to grow at similar rates, if at all. Accordingly, the information regarding the size of our addressable market opportunity included in this prospectus should not be taken as indicative of our future growth.

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We may be unsuccessful in making, integrating and maintaining acquisitions, joint ventures and strategic investments.

We have in the past, and may in the future, seek to acquire or invest in businesses, joint ventures and platform technologies that we believe could complement or expand our platform, enhance our technology or otherwise offer growth opportunities. We also may enter into strategic relationships with other businesses to expand our platform, which could involve investments in other companies. Any acquisition, investment or strategic transaction may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. In particular, we may encounter difficulties assimilating or integrating the businesses, technologies, offerings, personnel or operations of the acquired companies, particularly if the key personnel of the acquired company choose not to work for us, their offerings are not easily adapted to work with our platform, their systems and operations are difficult to integrate or we have difficulty retaining their customers. Acquisitions may also disrupt our business, require significant resources, divert significant management attention and impose legal and regulatory burdens to the extent such transactions expand our geographic footprint.

Negotiating these transactions can be time-consuming, difficult and expensive, and our ability to complete these transactions may often be subject to approvals that are beyond our control. Even if announced, we may not complete a transaction. The benefits of an acquisition or strategic transaction may also take considerable time to develop, and we cannot be certain that any particular transaction will produce the intended benefits. Further, acquisitions could result in potential dilutive issuances of equity securities, use of significant cash balances, incurrence of debt (and increased interest expense), contingent liabilities or amortization expenses related to intangible assets or write-offs of goodwill and intangible assets. If we are unable to successfully identify, complete and integrate our acquisitions and strategic transactions, we may not realize the expected benefits of such transactions or become exposed to additional liabilities, and our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed.

Our business depends on a strong brand, and if we are not able to maintain and enhance our brand and reputation, our ability to maintain and expand our customer base will be impaired, and our business, operating results and financial condition may be adversely affected.

We believe that the ServiceTitan brand identity and awareness is critical to our sales and marketing efforts. We also believe that maintaining and enhancing the ServiceTitan brand is critical to maintaining and expanding our customer base and, in particular, conveying to customers that our platform offers capabilities that address the needs of the trades across a wide array of verticals. We anticipate that, as our market becomes increasingly competitive, maintaining and enhancing our brand may become increasingly difficult and expensive.

In addition, any unfavorable publicity about our company or our management, including about the quality, stability and reliability of our platform, changes to our platform, our privacy, data protection and cybersecurity practices, litigation, employee relations, regulatory enforcement and other actions involving us, as well as the perception of us and our platform by our customers and end customers, even if inaccurate, could cause a loss of confidence in us and adversely affect our brand. Such negative publicity also could have an adverse effect on the size and engagement of our customer base and could result in decreased revenue, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on our management team and other highly skilled personnel, and we may fail to attract, retain, motivate or integrate highly skilled personnel, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our future success is substantially dependent on our ability to attract, retain and motivate the members of our management team and other key personnel throughout our organization. In particular, we are highly dependent on the services of Ara Mahdessian, our co-founder and Chief Executive Officer, and Vahe Kuzoyan, our co-founder and President, each of whom is critical to our ability to achieve our vision and strategic priorities. We

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rely on our management team in the areas of operations, security, research and development, sales and marketing, support and general and administrative functions. Our employees, including our executive officers, work for us on an “at-will” basis, which means they may terminate their employment with us at any time. If Mr. Mahdessian or Mr. Kuzoyan or one or more of our key personnel or members of our management team resigns or otherwise ceases to provide us with their services, this could impair our ability to execute our growth strategy, have a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations, cause employee morale problems and the loss of key personnel or members of our management or clients.

Our future success also depends, in part, on our ability to continue to attract and retain highly skilled personnel. Competition for these personnel is intense, and the industry in which we operate is generally characterized by significant competition for skilled personnel as well as high employee attrition. We may not be successful in attracting, retaining, training or motivating qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs. Additionally, the former employers of our new employees may attempt to assert that our new employees have breached their legal obligations, which may be time-consuming, distracting to management and may divert our resources. Our culture and brand help us attract and retain highly skilled personnel in a competitive environment. We have in the past, and may in the future, be subject to employment law-related claims and disputes. Any negative publicity resulting from such claims or disputes could adversely affect our ability to attract and retain skilled personnel, harm our brand and otherwise require us to use or divert financial and management resources.

Current and potential personnel also often consider the value of equity awards they receive in connection with their employment, and to the extent the perceived value of our equity awards declines relative to our competitors, our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel may be harmed.

If we fail to attract and integrate new personnel or retain and motivate our current personnel, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

If we cannot create and maintain a successful company culture as we grow, our success and our business may be harmed.

We believe our current corporate culture fosters innovation, teamwork, passion and focus on execution and has contributed to our success. As we grow and develop our infrastructure, including as a public company, and expand our operations both geographically and across the trades, we may find it difficult to maintain our corporate culture and/or successfully adapt our corporate culture to appropriately adapt to ongoing changes. Any failure to preserve our culture and/or successfully adapt our culture to changing conditions could harm our future success, including our ability to recruit and retain qualified personnel, innovate and operate effectively, and execute on our business strategies. If we experience any of these risks in connection with future growth, it could impair our ability to attract new customers and retain existing customers and expand their use of our platform, all of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The adverse developments affecting the financial services industry, such as actual events or concerns involving liquidity, defaults, or non-performance by financial institutions or transactional counterparties, could adversely affect our current and projected business operations, financial condition and results of operations.

Actual events involving limited liquidity, defaults, non-performance or other adverse developments that affect financial institutions, transactional counterparties or other companies in the financial services industry or the financial services industry generally or concerns or rumors about any events of these kinds or other similar risks, have in the past and may in the future lead to market-wide liquidity problems. For example, on March 10, 2023, Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB, was closed by the California Department of Financial Protection and Innovation, which appointed the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, as receiver. Similarly, Signature Bank and Silvergate Capital Corp. were each placed into receivership on March 12, 2023, and First Republic Bank was placed into receivership and substantially all of its assets and deposits were sold to JPMorgan Chase Bank on

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May 1, 2023. At the time that SVB failed, we maintained balances at SVB in excess of the federal insured limit. However, despite this circumstance, we successfully regained access to our funds held at SVB without incurring any losses. The failure of a bank, or other adverse conditions in the financial or credit markets impacting financial institutions at which we maintain balances, could adversely impact our liquidity and financial performance. There can be no assurance that our deposits in excess of the FDIC or other comparable insurance limits will be backstopped by the United States or applicable foreign government, or that any bank or financial institution with which we do business will be able to obtain needed liquidity from other banks, government institutions, or by acquisition in the event of a failure or liquidity crisis.

In addition, if any of our customers, vendors or other parties with whom we conduct business are unable to access funds pursuant to such instruments or lending arrangements with such a financial institution, such parties’ ability to pay their obligations to us or to enter into new commercial arrangements requiring additional payments to us could be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Our Customers and Revenue Model

Any failure to offer high quality support for our customers, including throughout the implementation process, may harm our relationships with our customers and, consequently, our business.

Our customers depend on our customer success teams to provide implementation, training and support services. We have previously experienced declines in our net promoter score, or NPS, and if we do not provide effective onboarding services or ongoing support, customers may not receive the full benefits of our platform, may delay or forgo future expansion of their use of our platform or may seek to terminate their agreements with us. Our reputation with prospective or current customers or the trades industry could also be damaged. The number of our customers has grown significantly and due to the complexity of our product, they often heavily rely on our customer success team, even for routine matters, which has put additional pressure on our customer success teams. If we experience increased customer demand for support, we may face increased costs that may harm our results of operations. As a result, if we are unable to provide efficient, high-quality customer support services, if we need to hire additional support resources, or if there is a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality customer support, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our ability to increase our customer base and achieve broader market acceptance of our platform will depend on our ability to develop and expand our sales and marketing capabilities.

Sales of subscriptions to access our platform will depend to a significant extent on our ability to expand our sales and marketing capabilities, including adapting to new sales verticals such as commercial services and construction. It is difficult to predict customer demand, customer retention, the size and growth rate of the trades industry, the entry of competitive products or the success of existing competitive products. Our sales efforts involve educating prospective customers about the uses and benefits of our Core, FinTech and Pro products. We expect that we will continue to need intensive sales efforts to educate prospective customers about the uses and benefits of our platform, and we may have difficulty convincing prospective customers of the value of adopting our platform. Identifying, recruiting and training qualified sales representatives is time-consuming and resource-intensive, and they may not be fully-trained and productive for a significant amount of time following their hiring, if ever. In addition, the cost to acquire customers is high due to these considerable sales and marketing efforts.

We also dedicate significant resources to marketing programs, including telemarketing, branded events and digital advertising through services such as Google AdWords. The effectiveness and cost of our online advertising has varied over time, and may vary in the future, due to competition for key search terms, changes in search engine use, changes in the search algorithms used by major search engines and laws, regulations and other obligations relating to privacy or data protection that affect online advertising. These efforts will require us to invest significant financial and other resources. We rely on a variety of direct marketing techniques, including

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telemarketing, email marketing and direct mail. Our marketing activities, and the marketing activities of our customers, are regulated under laws such as the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, the Telemarketing Sales Rule, and any state equivalents, and various other federal and state laws regarding marketing and solicitation, as well as general data protection laws, including the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003, or the CAN-SPAM, and various state privacy laws, including the California Consumer Privacy Act, or the CCPA, and other recently passed state laws, that govern these activities and impose significant restrictions on us and our customers. Any violations or perceptions of violations of these laws and regulations may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, any changes to the above-mentioned laws, or any applicable privacy, data protection and cybersecurity laws, their interpretation, or enforcement of such laws by the government or private parties that further restrict the way we interact with our potential customers or generate leads could adversely affect our ability to attract customers and could harm our business, reputation and brand, financial condition and results of operations. See “—Risks Related to Data Privacy, Data Protection, Cybersecurity and Technology—The collection, storage, use, disclosure and other processing of personal information are governed by a rapidly evolving framework of privacy, data protection, cybersecurity, data transfers or other laws or regulations worldwide may limit the use and adoption of our services and adversely affect our business.”

Our business will be harmed if our efforts do not generate a correspondingly significant increase in revenue. Even if we are successful in convincing prospective customers of the value of our platform, they may decide not to purchase a subscription for a variety of reasons, some of which are out of our control. We spend substantial time and resources on our sales efforts without any assurance that our efforts will result in a sale. The failure of our efforts to secure sales after investing resources in a lengthy sales process could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In the future, we may implement changes to our pricing model. However, there is a possibility that these modifications may not achieve the intended effectiveness, potentially posing challenges in sustaining customer satisfaction, retention, and overall revenue generation. Failure to achieve the desired outcomes could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A majority of our customers are small- and medium-sized businesses, which can be more difficult and costly to retain than large businesses and may increase the impact of economic fluctuations on us.

A majority of our customers are small- and medium-sized businesses, or SMBs, and we expect they will continue to comprise a large portion of our customer base for the foreseeable future. We define SMBs in the context of our customer base as customers that have fewer than 1,000 employees. Selling to and retaining SMBs can be more difficult than retaining large businesses, as SMBs often have higher rates of business failure and more limited resources. SMBs may not have sufficient office resources or may be constrained by other factors, such as seasonality, which makes it difficult for them to dedicate resources to the implementation, onboarding and training necessary to obtain the full benefits of our platform. SMBs are also typically more susceptible to the adverse effects of economic fluctuations. Adverse changes in the economic environment, or business failures of our SMB customers, may have a greater impact on us than on our competitors who do not focus on SMBs to the extent that we do.

Risks Related to Reliance on Third Parties

We rely on software and services licensed from other third parties. Defects in or the loss of software or services from third parties could increase our costs and adversely affect the quality of our service.

We rely upon certain partners, vendors and other service providers to provide software employed by our platform or customers using our platform, including to enable cloud-based phones and GPS, payments, manage customer payroll, and it is possible that such software may not be reliable or easy to replace. We may in the future have disputes with certain of our partners, vendors and other service providers. If, in connection with such a dispute, a

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partner, vendor or service provider terminates its relationship with us or otherwise limits the provision of their software or data to us, the availability or usage of our platform could be disrupted. If the partners, vendors and other service providers we rely upon cease to provide access to the software and/or data that we and our customers and consumers use, whether in connection with disputes or otherwise, do not provide access to such software and/or data on terms that we believe to be attractive or reasonable, or do not provide us with the most current version of such software, we may be required to seek comparable software and/or data from other sources, which may be more expensive or inferior, or may not be available at all, any of which could adversely affect our business.

Our customers’ experience and satisfaction depend upon the interoperability of our platform across devices, operating systems and third-party applications that we do not control.

An important feature of our platform is its broad interoperability with a range of devices, web browsers, operating systems and third-party applications. We have integrations with Bandwidth, Twilio and DialPad and a variety of other vendors. As part of our integrations with certain vendors, we have had to make concessions limiting our ability to engage with such vendor’s competitors, which could potentially impact our customer experience and our ability to interoperate with other third-party applications. Our Application Programming Interfaces, or APIs, enable customers to connect other third-party software, applications, partner services and data to our platform. Accordingly, we are dependent on the accessibility of our platform across web browsers, operating systems and the third-party applications that we often do not control. Third-party applications, products and services are constantly evolving, and we may not be able to maintain or modify our platform to ensure its compatibility with third-party offerings following development changes. In addition, some of our competitors may be able to disrupt the operations or compatibility of our platform with their applications that some of our customers may rely upon. If our platform has integration or operability failures with these operating systems or third-party applications, customers may not adopt our platform or our APIs and related functionality may not be useful to customers, which could adversely affect our business, financial conditions, results of operations. Additionally, as our platform evolves, we expect the types and levels of competition we face to increase. Should any of our competitors or third-party services on our platform modify their technologies, standards or terms of use in a manner that degrades the functionality or performance of our platform or is otherwise unsatisfactory to us or gives preferential treatment to our competitors’ products or services, our platform, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We rely on third-party data centers, such as Azure, to host and operate our platform, and any disruption of or interference with our use of these facilities may negatively affect our ability to maintain the performance and reliability of our platform, which could cause our business to suffer.

Our customers depend on the continuous availability of our platform. We currently host our platform and serve our customers primarily using Microsoft Azure, or Azure. Consequently, we may be subject to service disruptions, as well as failures to provide adequate support, for reasons that are outside of our control, including:

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The adverse effects of any service interruptions on our reputation, results of operations and financial condition may be disproportionately heightened due to the nature of our business and the fact that our customers have a low tolerance for interruptions of any duration.

To meet the performance and other requirements of our customers, we intend to continue to make significant investments to increase capacity and to develop and implement new technologies in our cloud infrastructure operations. Any renegotiation or renewal of our agreement with Azure, or a new agreement with another provider of cloud-based services, may be on terms that are significantly less favorable to us than our current agreement. Additionally, these new technologies, which include databases, application and server optimizations, network strategies and automation, are often advanced, complex, new and untested, and we may not be successful in developing or implementing these technologies. It takes a significant amount of time to plan, develop and test improvements to our technologies and cloud infrastructure, and we may not be able to accurately forecast demand or predict the results we will realize from such improvements. To the extent that we do not effectively scale our infrastructure to meet the needs of our growing customer base and maintain performance as our customers expand their use of our platform, or if our cloud-based server costs were to increase, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be adversely affected.

We rely primarily on third-party insurance policies to insure our operations-related risks. If our insurance coverage is insufficient for the needs of our business or our insurance providers are unable to meet their obligations, we may not be able to mitigate the risks facing our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We procure third-party insurance policies to cover various operations-related risks including employment practices liability, workers’ compensation, business interruptions, cybersecurity and data breaches, crime, directors’ and officers’ liability, occupational accident liability for customers, and general business liabilities. For certain types of operations-related risks or future risks related to our new and evolving services, we may not be able to, or may choose not to, acquire insurance. In addition, we may not obtain enough insurance to adequately mitigate such operations-related risks or risks related to our new and evolving services, and we may have to pay high premiums, self-insured retentions or deductibles for the coverage we do obtain. Additionally, if any of our insurance providers becomes insolvent, they would be unable to pay any operations-related claims that we make. Further, some of our agreements with vendors require that we procure certain types of insurance, and if we are unable to obtain and maintain such insurance, we would be in violation of the terms of these vendor agreements.

If the amount of one or more operations-related claims were to exceed our applicable aggregate coverage limits, we would bear the excess, in addition to amounts already incurred in connection with deductibles. Insurance providers have raised premiums and deductibles for many businesses and may do so in the future. As a result, our insurance and claims expense could increase, or we may decide to raise our deductibles when our policies are renewed or replaced. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected if (i) the cost per claim, premiums or the number of claims significantly exceeds our historical experience and coverage limits, (ii) we experience a claim in excess of our coverage limits, (iii) our insurance providers fail to pay on our insurance claims, (iv) we experience a claim for which coverage is not provided or (v) the number of claims under our deductibles differs from historical averages.

We are subject to payment processing risk.

We rely on third-party payment processors to collect subscription fees and other usage-based revenue from our customers. Under our commercial agreements, such payment processors may terminate the relationship with advanced notice. If one of our payment processors terminates its relationship with us or refuses to renew its agreement with us on commercially reasonable terms, we would be required to find alternative payment processors and may not be able to secure similar terms or replace such payment processors in an acceptable time frame. An inability to charge our customers or collect revenue for an extended period could affect our cash flows and impair our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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While we do not process any payments for the end customers, we do have complex relationships with third-party processors where we generate revenue through referral agreements and as an independent sales organization, or ISO. A significant portion of payments by the end customers are made by credit card or debit card using these third-party payment services to which our customers have a direct contractual relationship. If one of these third-party processors terminates its relationship with us or refuses to renew its partnership with us on commercially reasonable terms, or the software and services provided by our payment processors does not meet our customer’s expectations, we may be required to find an alternative payment processor or consider offering new payment options and products ourselves that may be subject to additional regulations and risks. None of our agreements with payment processors are exclusive, however, our agreements with certain payment processors limit our ability to induce existing customers to migrate to alternative payment processors, which could potentially impact our customers’ experience or satisfaction with our services. We are also subject to a number of other laws and regulations relating to the financial solutions we offer, including with respect to money laundering, privacy and cybersecurity. If we fail to, or are alleged to fail to, comply with applicable regulations, we may be subject to claims and litigation, regulatory investigations and proceedings, civil or criminal penalties, fines or higher transaction fees and may lose the ability to offer financial solutions to customers, which could make our platform less convenient and attractive to trades businesses. We also rely on data provided by third parties for financial statement reporting, and there could be inaccuracies and other errors in such data. If any of these events were to occur, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition, we are subject to the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard, or PCI DSS. The PCI DSS is a specific set of comprehensive security standards required by credit card brands for enhancing payment account data security, including, but not limited to, requirements for security management, policies, procedures, network architecture and software design, certification requirements, which could change or be reinterpreted to make it difficult or impossible for us to comply. Our third-party payment processors require us to comply with payment card network operating rules, which are set and interpreted by the payment card networks. The payment card networks could adopt new operating rules or interpret or re-interpret existing rules in ways that might prohibit us from providing certain services to some customers, be costly to implement, or difficult to follow. If we fail to comply with these rules or regulations, we may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees and lose our ability to offer payment solutions to customers. Compliance does not guarantee a completely secure environment and notwithstanding the results of a compliance assessment there can be no assurance that payment card brands will not request further compliance assessments or set forth additional requirements to maintain access to credit card processing services. Compliance is an ongoing effort and the requirements evolve as new threats are identified. In the event that we were to lose PCI DSS compliance status (or fail to renew compliance under a future version of the PCI DSS), or if our data security systems are breached or compromised, we may be liable for card-issuing banks’ costs, subject to fines and higher transaction fees and lose our ability to accept credit and debit card payments from our customers, process electronic funds transfers or facilitate other types of online payments. We have also agreed to indemnify our third-party payment processors for violating payment card networks rules. Any of the foregoing risks could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Data Privacy, Data Protection, Cybersecurity and Technology

If we, or our third-party service providers experience a cybersecurity breach or other incident, including any breach or incident that allows, or is perceived to allow, unauthorized access to our platform or our Sensitive Information, our reputation and brand, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We rely on our own, and our third-party service providers’, platforms, computer systems, hardware, software, technology infrastructure and online sites and networks for both internal and external operations that are critical to our business, or collectively, IT Systems. We own and manage some of these IT Systems but also rely on third parties for a range of IT Systems and related products and services, including but not limited to cloud computing services. Because we make extensive use of third-party suppliers and service providers, such as cloud services that support our internal and customer-facing operations, disruptions to or unauthorized access to third-party IT

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Systems can materially impact our operations and financial results. If we experience difficulties in implementing new or upgraded information systems or experience significant system failures, or if we are unable to successfully modify our information systems to respond to changes in our business needs, our ability to run our business could be adversely affected. It is also possible that our competitors could develop better platforms than ours, which could adversely affect obtaining and retaining our customers. Any of these or other systems related problems could, in turn, adversely affect our business, reputation and brand, results of operations and financial condition.

We may rely on third parties when deploying, servicing or otherwise operating our IT Systems, and in doing so, expose them and therefore us to security risks outside of our direct control. Specifically, certain third parties who create applications that integrate with our platform may receive, store or otherwise process our and our customers’ information, including confidential, sensitive, personal information and other information about individuals, our customers, employees, contractors, and business partners, including email addresses, physical addresses, phone numbers, Social Security numbers, credit card data and personally identifiable information, as well as trade secrets and other proprietary business information, or collectively, Sensitive Information. Our third-party service providers may fail to adequately secure their or our IT Systems, or our Sensitive Information. Our third-party service providers’ IT Systems have, and may in the future be, breached or contain exploitable defects or “bugs” that could result in a breach of or disruption to our or our third parties IT Systems and other cybersecurity risks discussed below. Our ability to monitor our service providers’ security is limited, and, in any event, third parties may be able to circumvent those security measures. Moreover, techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to systems and networks, as discussed in more detail below change frequently and may not be known until launched against us or our third-party service providers. These risks also are heightened when service providers work remotely.

The use of our platform involves the transmission, storage and processing of Sensitive Information. The secure processing, maintenance, transmission and storage of our Sensitive Information is critical to us, and we devote significant resources to protecting this information. Additionally, remote working arrangements at our company, and many of our third-party providers, increases cybersecurity risks due to the challenges associated with managing remote computing assets and security vulnerabilities that are present in many non-corporate and home networks. The unprecedented scale of remote work may require additional personnel and resources, which nevertheless cannot be guaranteed to fully safeguard all IT Systems and information upon which we rely.

We face numerous and evolving cybersecurity risks that threaten the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our IT Systems and Sensitive Information, including from diverse threat actors, such as state-sponsored organizations, opportunistic hackers and hacktivists, as well as through diverse attack vectors, such as social engineering/phishing (including on our customers and end customers), malware (including ransomware attacks), malfeasance by insiders, human or technological error, or other techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade services, or sabotage systems, and as a result of malicious code embedded in open-source software, or misconfigurations, “bugs” or other vulnerabilities in commercial software that is integrated into our (or our suppliers’ or service providers’) IT systems, products or services. Cyberattacks are expected to accelerate on a global basis in frequency and magnitude as threat actors are becoming increasingly sophisticated in using techniques and tools—including artificial intelligence—that circumvent security controls, evade detection and remove forensic evidence. As a result, we may be unable to detect, investigate, remediate or recover from future attacks or cybersecurity breaches or other incidents, or to avoid a material adverse impact to our IT Systems, Sensitive Information or business. In this fast-changing threat environment, our efforts may not be sufficient to identify all gaps, threats and vulnerabilities or prevent a cybersecurity breach or other incident. If we or our third-party service providers fail to respond appropriately to any identified gaps, threats or vulnerabilities, including by providing adequate funding and prioritizing strategic initiatives, or if we or our third-party service providers fail to adequately identify the gaps, threats or vulnerabilities, we face greater risk of a security incident. Notwithstanding our efforts, we and our third-party service providers have failed to and may in the future fail to detect cybersecurity breaches or other incidents, including breaches or incidents that may compromise our Confidential Information, and may face difficulties or delays in identifying any such breaches or incidents. Such

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breaches or incidents have resulted in and may in the future result in theft, loss, damage, or unavailability of, or unauthorized access to or use, disclosure, modification or other processing of, Sensitive Information, loss of access to data or systems or cause other business delays or disruptions.

Third parties may attempt to compromise our employees and their access into internal IT Systems to gain access to accounts, our Sensitive Information, or our IT Systems. Employee error, malfeasance or other errors could result in an actual or perceived cybersecurity breach or other incident. This risk may be heightened as we transition to an increasingly distributed workforce. In addition, our employees, customers or end customers may also be subject to cyberattacks (including social engineering/phishing) or otherwise disclose or lose control of their passwords, or use the same or similar passwords on third parties’ systems, which could lead to unauthorized access to their accounts on our platform.

Any unauthorized or inadvertent access to, or an actual or perceived cybersecurity breach or other incident impacting, our IT Systems or those of our third-party service providers, could result in an actual or perceived loss or unavailability of, unauthorized access to, or unauthorized use, disclosure, modification or other processing of, our Sensitive Information, regulatory investigations and other proceedings, orders and other obligations, claims, demands and litigation, indemnity obligations, damages, penalties, fines and other costs in connection with actual and alleged contractual breaches, violations of applicable laws and regulations and other liabilities and our platform may be perceived as insecure and we may lose existing customers or fail to attract and retain new customers. We also could be required to divert substantial resources to prevent further cybersecurity breaches or other incidents. We have experienced such incidents in the past and may experience similar incidents in the future. While to date no incidents have had a material impact on our operations or financial results, we cannot guarantee that material incidents will not occur in the future. Any such breach or other incident affecting us, our third-party service providers, customers or end customers, or the perception that one has occurred, could also materially damage our reputation and adversely harm our business, financial condition and results of operations, including reducing our revenue, causing us to issue credits to customers, negatively impacting our ability to accept and process customer payment information, eroding our customers’ trust in our services and solutions, subjecting us to costly notifications to customers and individuals and costly remediation measures, resulting in loss of, and harming our ability to retain customers, harming our brand or increasing our cost of acquiring new customers, or subject us to claims by third parties that we have breached our privacy-, data protection-, cybersecurity- or confidentiality-related obligations that could materially increase our costs, adversely impact how we operate our IT Systems and collect and use customer information and competitively disadvantage our business. In addition, many governments, including in the United States, all fifty states, have enacted laws requiring companies to notify individuals of certain breaches involving Sensitive Information. These mandatory disclosures regarding such a breach are costly to implement and often lead to widespread negative publicity, which may cause our customers to lose confidence in the effectiveness of our data security measures. The release of Sensitive Information may also lead to identity theft and related fraud, litigation, investigations, claims or other proceedings against us by affected individuals, customers and/or by regulators, or public statements against us by advocacy groups or others, and the outcome of such proceedings, which could include penalties or fines and could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may incur large expenditures to investigate or remediate, to recover information, to repair or replace networks or IT Systems, to protect against similar future events, or to comply with existing and future cybersecurity, data protection and privacy laws and regulations. In addition, the costs of maintaining adequate protection and insurance coverage against such threats, as they develop in the future (or as legal requirements related to cybersecurity increase) could be material.

We maintain technology errors, omissions and cyber liability insurance policies covering certain damages. However, we cannot be certain that our coverage will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred relating to any breach or incident relating to privacy, data protection or cybersecurity, or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Further, if another company within our industry experiences a high-profile breach or incident this might lead to a loss of trust in our industry generally, which could adversely impact our reputation and brand, and adversely harm our business and financial condition.

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Real or perceived defects, errors, or vulnerabilities in our platform could harm our reputation and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The software underlying our platform is highly complex and may contain undetected errors or vulnerabilities, some of which may only be discovered after the code has been released. Our practice is to effect frequent releases of software updates, sometimes multiple times per day. The third-party software that we incorporate into our platform may also be subject to errors or vulnerabilities. Any errors or vulnerabilities discovered in our code or from third-party software after release could result in negative publicity, a loss of customers or loss of revenue and access or other performance issues. Such vulnerabilities could also be exploited by malicious actors and result in exposure of information of customers on our platform, or otherwise result in a cybersecurity breach or other incident. If we or our third-party service providers experience a cybersecurity breach or security incident, including any breach or incident that allows, or is perceived to allow, unauthorized access to our platform or our customers’ information, our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected. We may need to expend significant financial and development resources to analyze, correct, eliminate, or work around errors or defects or to address and eliminate vulnerabilities. Any failure to timely and effectively resolve any such errors, defects or vulnerabilities could adversely affect our business, reputation, brand, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business could be adversely impacted by changes in the Internet and mobile device accessibility of customers.

Our business depends on our customers’ access to our platform via a mobile device or personal computer and the Internet. Mobile operating systems, such as Android and iOS, and their respective application marketplaces that make our mobile applications available, are especially important in the context of our solution, as we address the needs of technicians in the field across trades businesses. Any changes in such systems and application marketplaces that degrade the functionality of our mobile applications or give preferential treatment to our competitors’ mobile applications could adversely affect our platform’s usage on mobile devices. If such mobile operating systems or application marketplaces limit or prohibit us from making our mobile applications available to our customers or their end customers, make changes that degrade the functionality of our mobile applications, increase the cost of using our mobile applications, impose terms of use unsatisfactory to us or modify their search or ratings algorithms in ways that are detrimental to us, or if our competitors’ placement in such mobile operating systems’ application marketplace is more prominent than the placement of our apps, our platform could be adversely impacted. Further, as new mobile devices and mobile platforms are released, there is no guarantee that certain mobile devices will continue to support our platform or effectively roll out updates to our mobile applications.

In addition, we may operate in jurisdictions that provide limited Internet connectivity. Internet access and access to a mobile device or personal computer are frequently provided by companies with significant market power that could take actions that degrade, disrupt or increase the cost of customers’ ability to access our platform. Frequent or persistent interruptions could cause existing or prospective customers to believe that our platform is unreliable, leading them to switch to our competitors, which could materially adversely affect our reputation and brand, business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. In addition, the Internet infrastructure that we and trades businesses rely on in any particular geographic area may be unable to support the demands placed upon it and could interfere with the speed and availability of our platform. Any such failure in Internet or mobile device or computer accessibility, even for a short period of time, could adversely affect our results of operations.

The collection, processing, storage, use and disclosure of personal information are governed by a rapidly evolving framework of privacy, data protection, cybersecurity, data transfers or other laws or regulations worldwide and limit the use and adoption of our services and adversely affect our business.

We receive, store, process and use a large volume of personal information and other customer information from a wide range of sources, including customers, potential customers, vendors and employees. There are numerous

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federal, state, local and international laws and regulations regarding privacy, data protection, cybersecurity, marketing and telemarketing activities and the storing, sharing, use, processing, transfer, disclosure and protection of personal information and other information, the scope of which are changing, subject to differing interpretations, and may be inconsistent among jurisdictions, or conflict with other rules or other actual or asserted obligations. We also post privacy policies, which we are legally obligated to comply with and are subject to contractual obligations to third parties related to privacy, data protection and cybersecurity. As a result, we are subject to federal, state, local and international laws regarding data protection, privacy, cybersecurity, and the storing, sharing, use, disclosure and protection of personal information. The regulatory framework for data protection, privacy and cybersecurity worldwide is, and is likely to remain, uncertain for the foreseeable future, and it is possible that these or other actual or alleged obligations may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent from one jurisdiction to another and may conflict with other rules or obligations or our practices.

Regulation of data protection, privacy and cybersecurity in the United States has increased, particularly at the state level. Several states in which we operate or may in the future operate have begun enacting new data privacy laws. For example, California’s Consumer Privacy Act of 2018, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020, collectively, the CCPA, introduces new rights for California residents and obligations for covered businesses collecting, using, disclosing and processing personal information. The enactment of the CCPA has prompted a wave of similar legislative development in numerous U.S. states, including laws in Virginia, Colorado, Connecticut, and Utah. These new laws, and others that will be effective in the coming years, including privacy laws in Delaware, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, Montana, New Jersey, Oregon, Tennessee, and Texas, could further complicate compliance efforts and increase legal risk and compliance costs for us, the third parties upon whom we rely, and our customers. In addition, the development of numerous U.S. state laws creates the potential for a patchwork of overlapping but different state law requirements. For example, in order to comply with the varying state laws around breaches involving information, we must maintain adequate security measures, which require significant investments in resources and ongoing attention. We also may record phone calls with our customers, and with respect to the use of personal information for direct marketing purposes–both via telephone calls and email and text-based messaging–laws, regulations, and standards covering marketing, advertising, and other activities conducted by telephone, email, mobile devices, and the internet may be or become applicable to our business, such as the Federal Communications Act, the Federal Wiretap Act, the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, the CAN-SPAM, and use of personal information in relation to other state consumer protection and communication privacy laws, such as California’s Invasion of Privacy Act. In particular, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, and the Telemarketing Sales Rule as interpreted and implemented by the Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, and U.S. courts impose significant restrictions on the use of telephone calls and text messages to residential and mobile telephone numbers as a means of communication when prior consent of the person being contacted has not been obtained. Additionally, the CAN-SPAM establishes specific requirements for commercial email messages and specifies penalties for the transmission of commercial email messages that are intended to deceive the recipient as to source or content, and obligates, among other things, the sender of commercial emails to provide recipients with the ability to opt out of receiving future commercial emails from the sender. In addition, there is a risk if our customers or end customers use our platform in a manner that does not comply with applicable law or our policies. See “—Risks Related to Data Privacy, Data Protection, Cybersecurity and Technology—Our customers’ and end customers’ violation of our policies or other misuse of our platform to transmit unauthorized, offensive or illegal messages, spam, phishing scams and website links to harmful applications or for other fraudulent or illegal activity could damage our reputation and brand, and we may face a risk of litigation and liability for illegal activities on our platform and unauthorized, inaccurate or fraudulent information distributed via our platform.” Our and our customers’ activities must comply with the above-mentioned laws.

In addition, data protection, privacy and cybersecurity laws outside the United States, may impose obligations with us including in the European Union or United Kingdom, directly, or by contract. For example, the General Data Protection Regulation imposes various requirements regarding the processing of personal information, including requirements regarding transparency, lawfulness of processing, privacy rights, compliant contracting,

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data minimization, data breach notification, data re-usage, data retention, security of processing and international data transfers. A number of legislative proposals in the European Union have and could continue to impose new obligations in areas affecting our business, including the Artificial Intelligence Act and the Data Act. Some countries are considering or have passed legislation implementing data protection requirements or requiring local storage and processing of information, or similar requirements, that could increase the cost and complexity of delivering our services, and new countries and territories are adopting such legislation or other obligations with increasing frequency. With various United States and foreign laws and regulations imposing new and relatively burdensome obligations, and with substantial uncertainty over the interpretation and application of these laws and regulations, including the potential for various regulatory or other governmental bodies to enact new or additional laws or regulations, to issue rulings that invalidate prior laws or regulations or to increase penalties significantly, we may face challenges in addressing their requirements and making necessary changes to our policies, practices and commercial agreements, and may incur significant costs and expenses in an effort to do so and could result in potential liability affect our business.

These federal, state, local and international laws and regulations, which, as mentioned, in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are increasingly restricting the collection, processing and use of personal information. We continue to monitor changes and laws and regulations, and compliance with current and future customer privacy, data protection and cybersecurity laws and regulations could result in higher compliance, technical or operating costs. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with these laws and regulations, our privacy policies, our obligations to customers or other third parties, or any of our other actual or asserted obligations relating to privacy, data protection or cybersecurity may result in governmental investigations or enforcement actions, litigation (including individual or class action lawsuits), claims or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others, and could result in significant monetary liability, fines, penalties, loss of customers, reputational harm, loss of goodwill or cause our customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and brand and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Furthermore, the costs of compliance with, and other burdens imposed by, the laws, regulations and policies that are applicable to the businesses of our customers may limit the adoption and use of, and reduce the overall demand for, our services. Additionally, if third parties we work with, such as vendors or service providers, violate applicable laws or regulations or our policies, such violations may also put our customers’ information or other information maintained or otherwise processed in our business at risk and could in turn have an adverse effect on our business. Any significant change to applicable laws, regulations or industry practices regarding the collection, use, retention, security, disclosure or other processing of our customers’ information, or regarding the manner in which the express or implied consent of customers for the collection, use, retention, disclosure or other processing of such information is obtained, could increase our costs and require us to modify our products and services, possibly in a material manner, which we may be unable to complete, and may limit our ability to store and process customer information or other information or develop new products and services.

Our customers’ and end customers’ violation of our policies or other misuse of our platform to transmit unauthorized, offensive or illegal messages, spam, phishing scams and website links to harmful applications, record calls without consent or for other fraudulent or illegal activity could damage our reputation and brand, and we may face a risk of litigation and liability for illegal activities on our platform and unauthorized, inaccurate or fraudulent information distributed via our platform.

Our customers and end customers may use our platform to make telephone calls and send short message services, or SMS, text messages to our customers. In particular, the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, and the Telemarketing Sales Rule as interpreted and implemented by the FCC, and U.S. courts, collectively, the TCPA, impose significant restrictions on the use of telephone calls and text messages to residential and mobile telephone numbers as a means of communication when prior consent of the person being contacted has not been obtained. Our customers’ use of our platform for marketing activities must comply with the above-mentioned laws. Despite our ongoing and substantial efforts to limit such use, certain customers or end customers may use our platform to

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transmit unauthorized, offensive or illegal messages, calls, spam, phishing scams and website links to harmful applications, reproduce and distribute copyrighted material or the trademarks of others without permission, launder money, traffic drugs, fraudulently sell goods or services, use credit or debit cards in an unauthorized manner, record conversations without proper notice or consent, and report inaccurate or fraudulent data or information. While these actions are in violation of our policies, our efforts to defeat spamming attacks, illegal robocalls and other fraudulent activity will not prevent all such attacks and activity. Additionally, if the measures we have taken are too restrictive and inadvertently screen proper transactions, this could diminish our customer experience. Violations of the TCPA may be enforced by the FCC or by individuals through litigation, including through costly class actions, of which numerous suits under federal and state laws have been filed in recent years against companies who conduct telemarketing and/or SMS texting programs, resulting in multi-million dollar settlements to the plaintiffs. In addition to costly and time-consuming litigation, statutory penalties for TCPA violations range from $500 to $1,500 per violation, which has been interpreted to mean per phone call and/or text message sent and therefore the fines and settlement amounts can be very significant. Due to the evolving interpretation of the TCPA’s restrictions, and the highly litigated nature of the TCPA, our and our customers’ business and results of operations may be adversely affected by regulators, including the FCC, or the courts interpreting the TCPA restrictions differently than we do, by actual or perceived violations of the TCPA, as well as by lawsuits or other claims against us and our customers relating to violations of the TCPA. The outcome of such proceedings may not be favorable, and one or more unfavorable outcomes could have a material adverse impact on our financial condition. Additionally, any changes to the TCPA, its interpretation, or enforcement of it by the government or private parties that further restrict the way we or our customers’ contact and communicate with potential customers or generate leads could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, we also send marketing messages via email and are subject to the CAN-SPAM, which establishes specific requirements for commercial email messages and outlines penalties for the transmission of commercial email messages that are intended to deceive the recipient as to source or content, and obligates, among other things, the sender of commercial emails to provide recipients with the ability to opt out of receiving future commercial emails from the sender. As laws and regulations, including FTC and FCC enforcement, rapidly evolve to govern the use of these communications and marketing platforms, the failure by us or our customers, and our employees or third parties acting at our direction, to abide by applicable laws and regulations could adversely impact our business, reputation and brand, financial condition and results of operations or subject us to fines or other penalties.

Such illegal use of our platform could damage our reputation and brand and we could face claims for damages, regulatory enforcement, copyright or trademark infringement, defamation, negligence or fraud. Moreover, our customers’ and end customers’ promotion of their products and services through our platform might not comply with federal, state and foreign laws. We rely on contractual representations made to us by our customers that their use of our platform will comply with our policies and applicable law. Although we retain the right to verify that customers and end customers are abiding by our policies, our customers and end customers are ultimately responsible for compliance with our policies, and we do not systematically audit our customers or end customers to confirm compliance with our policies. Although Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act currently limits liability for third-party content posted on internet platforms, we cannot predict whether that protection will remain in effect.

We also may record phone calls on behalf of our customers, and our customers may also record phone calls that are placed through our platform. The actual or perceived improper calling of customer phones or recording of customer calls, may subject us to potential risks, including claims, demands, and litigation, regulatory demands, investigations, and other proceedings, and fines, penalties, monetary and other settlements, and other liabilities relating to laws, regulations, or other actual or asserted obligations, including consumer protection laws and regulations or certain laws and regulations that require consent, including the consent of all parties in certain states, for recording. Any future such litigation or other proceedings against us, regardless of whether or not they have merit, could be costly and time-consuming to defend and may distract management and technical personnel. Among other potential claims, federal or state regulatory authorities or private groups or individuals may claim that our notices, disclosures, form or manner of obtaining consent, or our policies or practices relating to these

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matters are not adequate or violate applicable law or other actual or asserted obligations, such as industry standards. For example, there has been a rise in lawsuits alleging violations of wiretap laws, particularly in California. Successful lawsuits alleging violations of the California Invasion of Privacy Act can result in statutory penalties of $5,000 per violation.

Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property

If we do not adequately protect our intellectual property and our data, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We rely on a combination of trademark, trade secret, copyright and patent law and contractual restrictions to protect our intellectual property. However, effective trademark, trade secret, copyright and patent protection is expensive to develop and maintain, both in terms of initial and ongoing applicable registration requirements and expenses and the costs of maintaining, defending and enforcing our registered intellectual property rights. We make business decisions about when to seek patent protection for a particular technology feature of our and when to rely upon copyright or trade secret protection, and the approach we select may ultimately prove to be inadequate. Even when we seek patent protection, there is no assurance that the resulting patents will effectively protect every significant feature of our platform or other proprietary technology. Given the costs and expenses of obtaining, maintaining, protecting, exploiting, defending and enforcing our registered intellectual property rights, we may choose not to obtain, maintain, protect, exploit, defend or enforce certain intellectual property rights that later turn out to be important. Further, we may not timely or successfully apply for a patent or register our trademarks or otherwise secure our intellectual property. Our efforts to protect, maintain or enforce our proprietary rights may be ineffective and could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we attempt to protect our intellectual property, proprietary technology and confidential information by requiring our employees and consultants who contribute to the development of intellectual property on our behalf to enter into confidentiality and invention assignment agreements, and our vendors, customers, business partners and other third parties we share information with to enter into nondisclosure agreements. These agreements may not effectively assign all intellectual property rights to us or prevent unauthorized use or disclosure of our confidential information, trade secrets, intellectual property or proprietary technology and may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized use, misappropriation, or disclosure of our confidential information, trade secrets or proprietary technology, or infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property. Additionally, any such agreement with respect to the assignment of intellectual property rights may be breached and we may be forced to bring claims against third parties, or defend claims that they may bring against us, to determine the ownership of what we regard as our intellectual property. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary rights, unauthorized parties may copy aspects of our platform or other software, technology and functionality or obtain and use information that we consider proprietary. In addition, unauthorized parties may also attempt, or successfully endeavor, to obtain our proprietary technology, confidential information and trade secrets through various methods, including through cybersecurity attacks, reverse engineering, and legal or other methods of protecting this data may be inadequate.

We have in the past, and may in the future, be subject to others infringing our intellectual property rights. Competitors have and may continue to adopt service names similar to ours, thereby harming our ability to build brand identity and possibly leading to end-customer confusion. In addition, there could be potential trade name or trademark infringement claims brought by owners of other trademarks that are similar to our trademarks. We believe that the protection of our trademark rights is an important factor in product recognition, protecting our brand and maintaining goodwill and if we do not adequately protect our rights in our trademarks from infringement, any goodwill that we have developed in those trademarks could be lost or impaired, which could harm our brand and our business. Additionally, litigation or proceedings before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office or other governmental authorities and administrative bodies in the United States and abroad may be necessary in the future to enforce our intellectual property rights and to determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others.

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Intellectual property infringement or misappropriation assertions by third parties could result in significant costs and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

We operate in an industry with frequent intellectual property litigation. Other parties have in the past, and may assert in the future, that we have infringed or misappropriated their intellectual property rights. We could be required to pay substantial damages or cease using intellectual property or technology that is deemed infringing or misappropriating. In addition, despite our efforts to ensure that our employees, consultants, vendors and service providers do not use the intellectual property and other proprietary information or know-how of third parties in their work for us, we have in the past, and may in the future, be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants, vendors or service providers have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including copyrighted materials, trade secrets, software code or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third parties.

Further, we cannot predict whether assertions of third-party intellectual property rights or claims arising from such assertions would substantially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The defense of these claims and any future infringement or misappropriation claims, whether they are with or without merit or are determined in our favor, may result in costly litigation and diversion of technical and management personnel. In addition, we may be unable to meet our obligations to customers under our customer contracts or to compete effectively, and our revenue and operating results could be adversely impacted. We might also be obligated to indemnify our customers or other companies in connection with any such litigation and to obtain licenses, modify our platform or refund fees, which could harm our financial results. Further, an adverse outcome of a dispute may require us to pay damages, potentially including treble damages and attorneys’ fees if we are found to have willfully infringed a party’s patent or copyright rights, cease making, licensing or using products that are alleged to incorporate or infringe the intellectual property of others, expend additional development resources to redesign our offerings, and enter into potentially unfavorable royalty or license agreements in order to obtain the right to use necessary technologies. Royalty or licensing agreements, if required, may be unavailable on terms favorable to us, or at all. In any event, we may need to license intellectual property from third parties which may require us to pay royalties or make one-time payments. Even if these matters do not result in litigation or are resolved in our favor or without significant cash settlements, the time and resources necessary to resolve them could adversely affect our business, reputation, financial condition, results of operations and reputation.

Our platform contains third-party open-source software components, and failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open-source software licenses could compromise the proprietary nature of our platform or could require disclosure of affected proprietary software source code.

Our platform contains software modules licensed to us by third-party authors under “open source” licenses. Use and distribution of open-source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open-source licensors generally do not provide support, warranties, indemnification or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the software. In addition, open-source projects may have security and other vulnerabilities and architectural instabilities or may be otherwise subject to security attacks due to their wide availability, and are provided on an “as-is” basis. Many of the risks associated with the use of open source software, such as the lack of warranties or assurances of title or performance, cannot be eliminated, and could, if not properly addressed, negatively affect our business.

If we combine our proprietary software with open-source software in a certain manner, we could, under certain “copyleft” open source licenses, be required to release the source code of our proprietary software under the terms of such an open source software license, which could require us to offer our source code at little or no cost or grant other rights to our intellectual property. This could enable our competitors to create similar offerings with lower development effort, resources and time and ultimately could result in a loss of our competitive advantages. Alternatively, to avoid the release of the affected portions of our source code, we could be required to purchase additional licenses, expend substantial time and resources to re-engineer some or all of our software or cease use or distribution of some or all of our software until we can adequately address the concerns.

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Moreover, we cannot assure you that our processes for controlling our use of open source software in our products will be effective. Although we have certain procedures in place to monitor our use of open-source software that are designed to ensure that none is used in a manner that would require us to disclose our proprietary source code or that would otherwise breach the terms of an open source license, such use could inadvertently occur, or could be claimed to have occurred, in part because open source license terms are often ambiguous. In addition, the terms of many open-source licenses have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide or distribute our platform. From time to time, there have been claims against companies that incorporate open-source software into their solutions, challenging such companies’ rights to use the open-source software against companies that incorporate open source software into their solutions. As a result, we could be subject to lawsuits by parties claiming ownership of what we believe to be open-source software and alleging that we do not have the rights to use, incorporate, distribute, or modify such software. Additionally, if we are held to have breached or failed to fully comply with all the terms and conditions of an open source software license, we could face infringement or other liability, or be required to seek costly licenses from third parties to continue providing our platform on terms that are not economically feasible, to re-engineer our platform, to discontinue or delay the provision of our platform if re-engineering could not be accomplished on a timely basis, or to make generally available, in source code form, our proprietary code, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Legal and Regulatory Environment

We may become involved in claims, lawsuits, government investigations and other proceedings that may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time, we have, and may in the future become, involved in various investigations or legal proceedings relating to matters incidental to the ordinary course of our business, including intellectual property, commercial, product liability, employment, class action, whistleblower, wiretapping and other litigation and claims and governmental and other regulatory investigations and proceedings. For example, plaintiffs have sought to apply federal wiretap laws, such as the Federal Wiretap Act, and similar U.S. state laws, such as California’s Invasion of Privacy Act, to certain advertising and online tracking practices. We have received one or more claims of violation of California’s Invasion or Privacy Act, though none resulting in significant liability or expense. Such laws include private causes of action, and could result in significant monetary liability to address, including settlement costs, even if these causes of action are meritless. The number and significance of these potential claims and disputes may increase as our business expands. Such matters can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and resources, cause us to incur significant expenses or liability, or require us to change our business practices. In addition, the expense of litigation and the timing of this expense from period to period are difficult to estimate, subject to change, and may harm our financial condition and results of operations. Because of the potential risks, expenses and uncertainties of litigation, we may, from time to time, settle disputes, even where we have meritorious claims or defenses, by agreeing to settlement agreements. Any of the foregoing may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business is subject to extensive government regulation and oversight. Our failure to comply with extensive, complex, overlapping and frequently changing rules, regulations and legal interpretations could adversely affect our business.

We are subject to a number of laws and regulations that apply generally to businesses, including laws and regulations governing the internet and the marketing, sale and delivery of services over the internet. These laws and regulations, which continue to evolve, cover, among other things, taxation, tariffs, privacy and data protection, cybersecurity, pricing, content, copyrights, distribution, mobile and telecommunications, advertising practices, electronic contracts, sales procedures, automatic subscription renewals, credit card processing procedures, consumer and business financial products, insurance products, consumer protection, the provision of online payment services, payroll compliance, the design and operation of websites and the characteristics and

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quality of products that are offered online. We cannot guarantee that we have been or will in the future be fully compliant with such laws and regulations in every jurisdiction, as it is not entirely clear in every jurisdiction how existing laws and regulations governing such areas apply or will be enforced. Moreover, as the regulatory landscape continues to evolve, increasing regulation and enforcement efforts by federal, state and foreign authorities, and the prospects for private litigation claims, become more likely. In addition, the adoption of new laws or regulations, or the imposition of other legal requirements, that adversely affect our ability to market or sell our platform could harm our ability to offer, or negatively affect contractor demand for, our platform, which could impact our revenue, impair our ability to expand our platform and service offerings, and make us more vulnerable to competition. Future regulations, or changes in laws and regulations or their existing interpretations or applications, could also require us to change our business practices and raise compliance costs or other costs of doing business.

Additionally, various federal, state and foreign labor laws govern our relationships with our employees and affect operating costs. These laws include employee classifications as exempt or non-exempt, minimum wage requirements, unemployment tax rates, workers’ compensation rates, overtime, family leave, workplace health and safety standards, payroll taxes, citizenship requirements and other laws and regulations. The number and type of laws applicable to us and our workforce will grow as our remote workforce increases.

Significant additional laws or regulations, or our failure to comply with any laws and regulations that now, or could in the future, apply to our business could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, operating results and prospects.

In addition, changes in regulations could negatively impact the business environment for the trades industry. Laws and regulations are rapidly evolving and may change significantly in the future. In particular, our customers are subject to a wide range of laws and regulations related to payroll, employment, data protection, privacy and marketing, and our business could be adversely affected should our solutions and platform not be able to keep pace with such regulatory changes.

The expansion of our operations outside the United States, which subjects us to additional costs and risks, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

While we currently operate primarily in the United States and Canada, a significant portion of our workforce is comprised of engineering contractors distributed internationally, including, but not limited to, persons in Armenia, Macedonia, and Poland, and our international contract workforce has grown as a result of our acquisitions of ServicePro and FieldRoutes. If our access to this workforce is disrupted, our business may be adversely affected and we may not be able to grow effectively. Geopolitical events and local government and other actions, including armed conflicts, or sanctions imposed by the United States on countries in which members of our workforce reside, may reduce the availability of or disrupt communication with these workforces, or delay projects under development by the distributed teams. Our continued ability to grow and compete effectively depends on these workforces, so their limited availability or unavailability would impact our performance.

We may expand our international operations, which may include opening offices in new jurisdictions and providing our platform in additional countries. Any new markets or countries into which we attempt to sell subscriptions to access our platform may not be receptive to our efforts. For example, we may not be able to expand further in some markets if we are not able to adapt our platform to fit the needs of prospective customers in those markets or if we are unable to satisfy certain country- and industry-specific laws or regulations. In addition, future international expansion will also require considerable management attention and the investment of significant resources while subjecting us to new risks and increasing certain risks that we already face, including risks associated with:

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Compliance with laws and regulations applicable to our global operations substantially increases our cost of doing business. We may be unable to keep current with changes in laws and regulations as they occur. Although we have implemented policies and procedures designed to support compliance with these laws and regulations, there can be no assurance that we will always maintain compliance or that all of our employees, contractors, partners and agents will comply. Any violations could result in enforcement actions, fines, civil and criminal penalties, damages, injunctions or reputational harm. If we are unable to comply with these laws and regulations or manage the complexity of our global operations successfully, we may need to relocate or cease operations in certain foreign jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

We are subject to governmental export and import controls and economic sanctions programs that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate these controls.

Certain of our products may be subject to various restrictions under U.S. and foreign export control and economic sanctions laws and regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations and economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the Office of Foreign Assets Control, or OFAC. The export of or provision of our platform must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations. Although we take precautions to prevent our products and technology from being provided in violation of such laws, our products and technology could in the future be provided inadvertently in violation of such laws, despite the precautions we take. For example, following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the United States and other countries imposed

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economic sanctions and severe export control restrictions against Russia and Belarus, and the United States and other countries could impose wider sanctions and export restrictions and take other actions. Any exports, even for the purpose of developing software or services sold in the United States and Canada, as well as our ability to use developers in Russia and Belarus, may be impacted by these restrictions.

If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we and certain of our employees could be subject to substantial civil or criminal penalties, including the possible loss of export privileges, fines, which may be imposed on us and responsible employees or managers, and, in extreme cases, the incarceration of responsible employees or managers. Obtaining the necessary authorizations, including any required license, for a particular deployment may be time consuming, is not guaranteed, and may result in the delay or loss of sales opportunities. In addition, changes in our platform, or changes in applicable export or economic sanctions regulations may create delays in the introduction and deployment of our platform in international markets, or, in some cases, prevent the export or provision of our platform to certain countries or end customers. A change in export or economic sanctions regulations, shift in the enforcement or scope of existing regulations or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could also result in decreased use of our platform, or in our decreased ability to export or provide our platform to existing or prospective customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our platform or limitation on our ability to export or provide our platform may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Compliance with applicable regulatory requirements regarding the export and provision of our platform, including with respect to new releases of our platform, may create delays in the introduction of our platform in international markets, prevent our customers with international operations from deploying and using our platform throughout their globally distributed systems or, in some cases, prevent the export or provision of our platform to some countries altogether.

Russian military action against Ukraine has adversely affected, and could continue to adversely affect, our operations and the productivity of our employees.

We have a significant number of personnel, including both employees and contractors, in Armenia as well as Poland and other European countries; we had engineering contractors in Russia prior to U.S. sanctions against Russia. In late February 2022, Russian military forces launched significant military action against Ukraine, which could cause sustained conflict and disruption in nearby countries like Armenia, Macedonia, and Poland. As a result of the situation in Ukraine, new and stricter sanctions have been imposed by the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, the European Union and other countries and organizations against officials, individuals, regions and industries in Russia. Soon after the Russian military action began, in response to U.S. sanctions, we restricted our Russian engineering contractors’ access to our software and arranged to move certain contractors out of Russia for the purpose of continuing to perform engineering services for us. Prolonged unrest, intensified military activities or the implementation of more extensive sanctions impacting the region could also adversely affect our operations and the productivity of our employees in Armenia, Macedonia, and Poland and other European countries.

In addition, negative global and regional economic conditions, including conditions resulting from changes in gross domestic product growth, financial and credit market fluctuations, inflation, rising interest rates, and bank failures, international trade relations, geopolitical instability and uncertainty, such as the war in Ukraine and resulting heightened risk of cyberattacks, intellectual property theft, and a reduction in information technology spending regardless of macroeconomic conditions could have adverse impacts on our business, results of operations and financial condition, including longer sales cycles, lower prices for our subscriptions, higher default rates among our channel partners, reduced sales and slower or declining growth.

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We are subject to anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws and anti-money laundering laws and similar laws, and non-compliance with such laws can subject us to criminal penalties or significant fines and harm our business and reputation.

We are subject to the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. § 201, the U.S. Travel Act, and other anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws, U.S. anti-money laundering laws, and similar laws in countries where we conduct activities. Anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws have been enforced aggressively in recent years and are interpreted broadly and prohibit companies, their employees, agents, representatives, business partners and third-party intermediaries from promising, authorizing, making, offering or providing, directly or indirectly, improper payments or benefits to recipients in the public or private sector, including anything of value to a “foreign official” for the purposes of influencing official decisions or obtaining or retaining business, or otherwise obtaining favorable treatment. Anti-money laundering laws generally prohibit persons from engaging in transactions where the proceeds at issue derive from, or are intended to facilitate or conceal, illegal activity, or where a party to the transaction is “willfully blind” to the illegal sources of the proceeds. If and when we increase our international sales and operations, our risks under these laws may increase.

In addition, we use third parties to sell access to our platform and conduct business on our behalf abroad. We, our employees, agents, representatives, business partners and third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities, and we can be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries, even if we do not explicitly authorize such activities. We cannot assure you that all of our employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries will not take actions in violation of applicable law for which we may be ultimately held responsible.

These laws also require that we keep accurate books and records and maintain internal controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions. We cannot assure you that none of our employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries will take actions in violation of our policies and applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible.

Any allegations or violations of the FCPA or other applicable anti-corruption laws, anti-money laundering laws or other laws could result in whistleblower complaints, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, enforcement actions, fines, damages, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions and suspension or debarment from government contracts. Responding to any investigation or action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees. Any of the foregoing may harm our reputation, growth prospects, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Financial, Tax and Accounting Matters

The material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which we first identified in fiscal 2019, remain unremediated. We may identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, which could affect the reliability of our financial statements and have other adverse consequences.

We have been a private company since our inception and, as such, we have not had the internal control over financial reporting requirements of a publicly traded company. As a result of becoming a public company, we will be required to furnish a report by management on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for fiscal 2026. This assessment will need to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual and interim financial

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statements will not be detected or prevented on a timely basis. We identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which consisted of the following:

This material weakness contributed to the following additional material weaknesses:

These material weaknesses resulted in immaterial adjustments to substantially all of our accounts and related disclosures in our consolidated financial statements between fiscal 2019 and 2023. Additionally, these material weaknesses could result in a misstatement of substantially all of our accounts or disclosures that would result in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected.

We also identified the following material weakness related to IT general controls:

The IT deficiencies did not result in a material adjustment to the consolidated financial statements; however, the deficiencies, when aggregated, could impact the effectiveness of IT-dependent controls (such as automated controls that address the risk of material misstatement to one or more assertions, along with the IT controls and underlying data that support the effectiveness of system-generated data and reports) that could result in misstatements potentially impacting all financial statement accounts and disclosures that would not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, management has determined these IT deficiencies in the aggregate constitute a material weakness.

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We have designed and implemented certain controls and procedures to address the material weaknesses and are in the process of testing the operating effectiveness of our controls. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until the controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that the controls are operating effectively. The key remediation measures taken to date include the following:

We are working to remediate the material weaknesses as efficiently and effectively as possible. These remediation measures have been, and the ongoing maintenance and testing of our controls will continue to be, time-consuming, will result in our incurring significant costs, and will place significant demands on our financial and operational resources. At this time, we cannot provide an estimate of the costs to be incurred in connection with these remediation efforts.

Our independent registered public accounting firm is not required to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting until after we are no longer an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. At such time, our independent registered public accounting firm may issue a report that is adverse, which would occur in the event we have a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate the material weaknesses, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately, and to prepare financial statements within the time periods specified by the rules and forms of the SEC, could be adversely affected which, in turn, may adversely affect our reputation and business and the market price of our common stock. In addition, any such failures could result in litigation or regulatory actions by the SEC or other regulatory authorities, loss of investor confidence, delisting of our securities and harm to our reputation and financial condition, or diversion of financial and management resources from the operation of our business.

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We may be unable to generate sufficient cash flow to satisfy our significant debt service obligations, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or to refinance our debt obligations, including under a secured credit agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as administrative agent and collateral agent, and certain lenders, or the Credit Agreement, depends on our financial condition and results of operations, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We may not be able to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal or interest on our indebtedness reflected in our consolidated financial statements. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay strategic acquisitions and partnerships, capital expenditures and payments on account of other obligations, seek additional capital, restructure or refinance our indebtedness or sell assets. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. Our ability to restructure or refinance our debt will depend on the condition of the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. Any refinancing of our debt could be at higher interest rates and could require us to comply with more onerous covenants, which could further restrict our business operations. In addition, we cannot assure you that we will be able to refinance any of our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.

If we are unable to repay or otherwise refinance our indebtedness when due, if we fail to comply with financial or other covenants in our debt service agreements, which include liquidity covenant and a recurring revenue covenant, or if any other event of default is not cured or waived, the applicable lenders could accelerate our outstanding obligations or foreclose against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness, which could force us into bankruptcy or liquidation. In the event the applicable lenders accelerate the repayment of our borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness. Any acceleration of amounts due under the Credit Agreement or the exercise by the applicable lenders of their rights under the security documents could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations and could have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our common stock.

Our non-convertible preferred stock accrues dividends and has other financial and governance rights which could adversely affect our performance and/or our cash available for distribution to other stockholders.

We have issued non-convertible preferred stock, which provides for certain financial terms in favor of the holders of the non-convertible preferred stock including accruing dividends with respect thereto. Such dividends are payable in-kind quarterly in arrears and accrue at the rate of (i) 10% per annum until the fifth anniversary of their issuance and (ii) thereafter, 15% per annum until the sixth anniversary of their issuance. Dividends are payable quarterly in cash thereafter at 20% per annum, and are subject to increases in the dividend rate in the event of our failure to pay such dividends when due.

Our dividend and other obligations with respect to the non-convertible stock could adversely affect our cash flow and/or reduce amounts payable to our other stockholders. Payments to holders of non-convertible preferred stock are generally senior in priority to any payments to our other stockholders (including holders of common stock sold in this offering). In addition, the holders of non-convertible preferred stock have certain specified governance rights, which include the ability to designate a director to our board of directors under certain circumstances and a robust list of stockholder protective provisions, the waiver of which would require the consent of certain holders of our non-convertible preferred stock. Such governance rights could limit our ability to freely conduct business and/or enter into certain transactions, any of which could adversely affect our performance. See the section titled “Description of Capital Stock—Non-Convertible Preferred Stock” for further details regarding our non-convertible preferred stock.

The Credit Agreement contains financial covenants and other restrictions on our actions that may limit our operational flexibility or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations.

The terms of the Credit Agreement include a number of covenants that limit our ability and our subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things, incur additional indebtedness, grant liens, merge or consolidate with other

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companies or sell substantially all of our assets, pay dividends, make redemptions and repurchases of stock, make investments, loans and acquisitions or engage in transactions with affiliates. The terms of the Credit Agreement also include financial covenants, including a liquidity covenant and a recurring revenue covenant. The terms of the Credit Agreement may restrict our current and future operations and could adversely affect our ability to finance our future operations or capital needs. In addition, complying with these covenants may make it more difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy, including potential acquisitions, and compete against companies which are not subject to such restrictions.

We may require additional capital, which may not be available on terms acceptable to us, or at all.

We intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new products or enhance our existing platform, improve our operating infrastructure or acquire complementary businesses and technologies. We may require additional financing to meet our working capital and capital expenditure in the future. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through future issuances of equity, equity-linked securities or convertible debt securities, our existing stockholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our common stock. Debt financings increase expenses, may contain covenants that restrict the operation of our business, and must be repaid regardless of operating results. For example, covenants contained in our Credit Agreement will limit our ability to pay dividends, to create, incur, or assume indebtedness or liens, to consummate certain strategic transactions, to engage in transactions with affiliates and to make certain investments.

We evaluate financing opportunities from time to time, and our ability to obtain financing will depend, among other things, on our development efforts, business plans and operating performance and the condition of the capital markets at the time we seek financing. We may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms favorable to us, if at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be impaired, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies may be based on assumptions that change or prove to be incorrect, which could cause our results of operations to fall below expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as described in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the recognition and measurement of certain assets and liabilities and revenue and expenses that is not readily apparent from other sources. Our accounting policies that involve judgment and use of estimates include revenue recognition, fair value of stock-based compensation, fair value of the common stock underlying our stock-based awards and fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. If our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, our results of operations could be adversely affected, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

We rely on assumptions and estimates to calculate certain of our key metrics, and real or perceived inaccuracies in such metrics may harm our reputation and our business.

We track certain operational metrics, including number of Active Customers, with internal systems and tools that are not independently verified by any third party and which may differ from estimates or similar metrics

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published by third parties due to differences in sources, methodologies or the assumptions on which we rely. Our internal systems and tools have a number of limitations, and our methodologies for tracking these metrics may change over time, which could result in unexpected changes to our metrics, including the metrics we publicly disclose. We may also discover unexpected errors in the data that we are using that resulted from technical or other errors. If the internal systems and tools we use to track these metrics undercount or overcount performance or contain algorithmic or other technical errors, the data we report may not be accurate. If we determine that any of our metrics or figures are not accurate, we may be required to revise or cease reporting such metrics or figures. While these numbers are based on what we believe to be reasonable estimates of our metrics for the applicable period of measurement, there are inherent challenges in measuring these metrics. Limitations or errors with respect to how we measure data or with respect to the data that we measure may affect our understanding of certain details of our business, which could affect our long-term strategies. In addition, our methodology for calculating these metrics may differ from the methodology used by other companies to calculate similar metrics and figures. If our operating metrics are not accurate representations of our business, if investors do not perceive our operating metrics to be accurate or if we discover material inaccuracies with respect to these figures, we expect that our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Operating as a public company will require us to incur substantial costs and will require substantial management attention.

As a public company, we will incur substantial legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. For example, we will become subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the applicable requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, the rules and regulations of the SEC and the listing standards of    , or the Exchange. The Exchange Act requires, among other things, we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business, financial condition and results of operations. Compliance with these rules and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs, and increase demand on our systems, particularly after we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” In addition, as a public company, we may be subject to stockholder activism, which can lead to additional substantial costs, distract management and impact the manner in which we operate our business in ways we cannot currently anticipate. As a result of disclosure of information in this prospectus and in filings required of a public company, our business, financial condition and results of operations will become more visible, which may result in threatened or actual litigation, including by competitors.

Certain members of our management team have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, and certain members joined us more recently. As such, our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage our transition to being a public company subject to significant regulatory oversight and reporting obligations under the federal securities laws and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents will require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to use our net operating losses to offset future taxable income may be subject to certain limitations.

Our ability to utilize our federal net operating loss carryforwards, or NOLs, may be limited under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. These limitations apply if we experience an “ownership change,” which is generally defined as a greater than 50 percentage point change (by value) in the ownership of our equity by certain stockholders over a rolling three-year period.

We conducted a formal study through June 30, 2021 that concluded that although there had been prior ownership changes, there were no actual limitations on the use of our NOLs. We have not conducted another formal study to assess whether any additional ownership change has occurred. If we have undergone additional ownership changes, or if we undergo an ownership change in the future, including as a result of this offering, our ability to

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use our pre-change NOLs and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research and development tax credits) to offset our post-change income or taxes may be limited. Similar provisions of state tax law may also apply to limit the use of our state net operating loss carryforwards. Future changes in our stock ownership, some of which may be outside of our control, may result in an ownership change under these rules.

There is a risk that due to changes in tax law, regulatory changes or other unforeseen reasons, our existing NOLs or business tax credits could expire or otherwise become unavailable to offset future income tax liabilities. At the state level, there may also be periods during which the use of NOLs or business tax credits is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed by us. For these reasons, we may not be able to realize a tax benefit from the use of our NOLs or tax credits, even if we attain profitability.

Our results of operations may be harmed if we are required to collect or pay sales or other taxes in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so.

States and some local taxing jurisdictions have differing rules and regulations governing sales and use and other taxes, such as gross receipts taxes, excise taxes, and telecom taxes, and these rules and regulations are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. The application of federal, state, local and international tax laws to services provided electronically is evolving. In particular, the applicability of sales taxes and other taxes to our platform in various jurisdictions is unclear. We collect and remit sales tax and other taxes in the United States and value-added tax, or VAT, in a number of international jurisdictions. It is possible, however, that we could face sales tax or other tax or VAT audits and that our liability for these taxes could exceed our estimates as tax authorities in the United States or other jurisdictions could still assert that we are obligated to collect additional tax amounts from our paying customers and remit those taxes to those authorities. We could also be subject to audits in states and international jurisdictions for which we have not accrued tax liabilities. A successful assertion that we should be collecting additional sales or other taxes on our platform in jurisdictions where we have not historically done so and do not accrue for such taxes could result in substantial tax liabilities for past sales, discourage organizations from subscribing to our platform, or otherwise harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Further, one or more state or foreign or other tax authorities could seek to impose additional sales, use, telecommunications tax or other tax collection and record-keeping obligations on us or may determine that such taxes should have, but have not been, paid by us. Liability for past taxes may also include substantial interest and penalty charges. Any successful action by state, foreign or other authorities to compel us to collect and remit sales tax, use tax, telecommunication tax or other taxes, either retroactively, prospectively, or both, may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in U.S. tax laws and regulations and those which we are subject to in various tax jurisdictions could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

New income, sales, use or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be enacted at any time. Those enactments could harm our domestic and international business operations and our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified or applied adversely to us. These events could require us or our customers to pay additional tax amounts on a prospective or retroactive basis, as well as require us or our customers to pay fines and/or penalties and interest for past amounts deemed to be due. If we raise our prices to offset the costs of these changes, existing and prospective customers may elect not to purchase our offerings in the future. Additionally, new, changed, modified or newly interpreted or applied tax laws could increase our customers and our compliance, operating and other costs, as well as the costs of our offerings. Further, these events could decrease the capital we have available to operate our business. Any or all of these events may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

As we expand the scale of our international business activities, any changes in the U.S. or foreign taxation of such activities may increase our worldwide effective tax rate and harm our business, financial condition and

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results of operations. We may be subject to taxation in several jurisdictions around the world with increasingly complex tax laws, the application of which can be uncertain. The amount of taxes we pay in these jurisdictions could increase substantially as a result of changes in the applicable tax principles, including increased tax rates, new tax laws or revised interpretations of existing tax laws and precedents. An increase in our tax liabilities could harm our liquidity and results of operations. In addition, the authorities in these jurisdictions could review our tax returns and impose additional tax, interest and penalties, and the authorities could claim that various withholding requirements apply to us or assert that benefits of tax treaties are not available to us, any of which may harm us and our results of operations.

Our results of operations may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles applicable to us.

GAAP is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or the FASB, the SEC and other various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. Changes in accounting principles applicable to us, or varying interpretations of current accounting principles, could have a significant effect on our reported results of operations. Further, any difficulties in the implementation of changes in accounting principles, including the ability to modify our accounting systems, could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and harm investors’ confidence in us.

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock, Governance and this Offering

There has been no public market for our common stock prior to this offering, and the trading price of our common stock may be volatile.

There has been no public market for our common stock prior to this offering, and an active trading market for our common stock may not develop or be sustained. The initial public offering price of our common stock was determined through negotiation between us and the underwriters. This price does not necessarily reflect the price at which investors in the market will be willing to buy and sell shares of our common stock following this offering. In addition, the trading price of our common stock may fluctuate significantly in response to a number of factors, most of which we cannot predict or control, including:

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In addition, if the market for technology stocks or the stock market in general experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our common stock could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition or results of operations. The trading price of our common stock might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if these events do not directly affect us. In the past, following periods of volatility in the overall market and the trading price of a particular company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against these companies. This litigation, if instituted against us, would result in substantial costs and a diversion of our management’s attention and resources.

Recently, the stock markets in general, and the markets for technology stocks in particular, have experienced extreme volatility. The stock prices of many technology companies have declined significantly and in certain instances the declines have been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Furthermore, the trading price of our common stock may be adversely affected by third parties trying to drive down the price of our common stock. Short sellers and others, some of whom post anonymously on social media, can negatively affect the trading price of our common stock and may be positioned to profit if the trading price of our common stock declines. These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the trading price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance.

A substantial portion of the outstanding shares of our common stock after this offering are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold on a stock exchange in the near future. The large number of shares eligible for public sale or subject to rights requiring us to register them for public sale could depress the trading price of our common stock.

The trading price of our common stock could decline as a result of sales of a large number of shares of our common stock in the market after this offering, and the perception that these sales could occur may also depress the trading price of our common stock. Based on    shares of our common stock (after giving effect to the Capital Stock Conversion) outstanding as of January 31, 2024, we will have shares of our common stock outstanding following the completion of this offering. The shares of common stock that we are selling in this offering may be resold immediately. The remaining shares of our capital stock will become available for sale under the terms of market standoff provisions in agreements with us, and lock-up agreements entered into between the holders of those shares and the underwriters of this offering.

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Our executive officers, directors, and the holders of substantially all of our capital stock and securities convertible into or exchangeable for our capital stock will enter into lock-up agreements with the underwriters of this offering under which they have agreed, subject to specific exceptions, not to dispose of or hedge any of our capital stock for days following the date of this prospectus. We refer to this period as the restricted period. When the restricted period expires with respect to all or a portion of our shares, our security holders will be able to sell their shares in the public market. See the section titled “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” for additional information.

As a result of these agreements and the provisions of our amended and restated investors’ rights agreement, dated as of July 27, 2023, or our IRA, described further in the section titled “Description of Capital Stock—Registration Rights,” and subject to the provisions of Rule 144 or Rule 701, shares of our common stock became or will become available for sale in the public market as follows:

Upon the completion of this offering, stockholders owning an aggregate of up to    shares of our common stock will be entitled, under our IRA, to require us to register shares owned by them for public sale in the United States. In addition, we intend to file a registration statement to register shares reserved for future issuance under our equity compensation plans. Upon effectiveness of that registration statement, subject to the satisfaction of applicable exercise periods and the expiration or waiver of the lock-up agreements referred to above, the shares issued upon exercise of outstanding stock options will be available for immediate resale in the United States in the open market.

Sales of our common stock as restrictions end or pursuant to registration rights may make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. These sales also could cause the trading price of our common stock to fall and make it more difficult for you to sell shares of our common stock.

Sales, directly or indirectly, of shares of our common stock by existing equityholders could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

Sales, directly or indirectly, of a substantial number of shares of our common stock, or the public perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. Many of our existing equityholders have substantial unrecognized gains on the value of the equity they hold, and may take, or attempt to take, steps to sell, directly or indirectly, their shares or otherwise secure, or limit the risk to, the value of their unrecognized gains on those shares.

While our executive officers, directors and the holders of substantially all of our capital stock and securities convertible into or exchangeable for our capital stock have entered into lock-up agreements with the underwriters, sales, short sales or hedging transactions involving our equity securities, whether before or after the completion of this offering and whether or not we believe them to be prohibited, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Further, record holders of our securities are typically the parties to the lock-up agreements, while holders of beneficial interests in our shares who are not also record holders in respect of such shares are not typically subject to any such agreements or other similar restrictions. Accordingly, we believe that holders of beneficial interests who are not record holders and are not bound by lock-up agreements could enter into transactions with respect to those beneficial interests that negatively impact the market price of our common stock. In addition, to the extent an equityholder does not comply with or the

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underwriters are unable to enforce the terms of a lock-up agreement, such equityholder may be able to sell, short sell, transfer, hedge, pledge or otherwise dispose of or attempt to sell, short sell, transfer, hedge, pledge or otherwise dispose of, their equity interests at any time after the completion of this offering, which could negatively impact the market price of our common stock.

Upon the completion of this offering, our executive officers, directors and holders of 5% or more of our common stock will collectively beneficially own approximately % of the outstanding shares of our common stock and will continue to have substantial control over us, which will limit your ability to influence the outcome of important transactions, including a change in control.

Upon the completion of this offering, our executive officers, directors and our stockholders who own 5% or more of our outstanding common stock and their affiliates, in the aggregate, will beneficially own approximately % of the outstanding shares of our common stock, based on the number of shares outstanding as of January 31, 2024 and assuming no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares of our common stock. As a result, these stockholders, if acting together, will be able to influence or control matters requiring approval by our stockholders, including the election of directors and the approval of mergers, acquisitions or other extraordinary transactions. They may also have interests that differ from yours and may vote in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. This concentration of ownership may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control of our company, could deprive our stockholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their common stock as part of a sale of our company, and might ultimately affect the market price of our common stock.

Delaware law and provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest difficult, thereby depressing the trading price of our common stock.

Our status as a Delaware corporation and the anti-takeover provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control by prohibiting us from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, even if a change in control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering will contain provisions that may make the acquisition of our company more difficult, including the following:

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These provisions, alone or together, could discourage, delay or prevent a transaction involving a change in control of our company. These provisions could also discourage proxy contests and make it more difficult for stockholders to elect directors of their choosing and to cause us to take other corporate actions they desire, any of which, under certain circumstances, could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

Our amended and restated bylaws will designate a state or federal court located within the State of Delaware as the exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between us and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to choose the judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees.

Our amended and restated bylaws, which will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering, will provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, to the fullest extent permitted by law, the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or other employees to us or our stockholders, (iii) any action arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, our amended and restated certificate of incorporation or our amended and restated bylaws or (iv) any other action asserting a claim that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine shall be the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware (or, if the Court of Chancery does not have jurisdiction, the federal district court for the District of Delaware), in all cases subject to the court having jurisdiction over indispensable parties named as defendants.

Section 22 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all such Securities Act actions. Accordingly, both state and federal courts have jurisdiction to entertain such claims. To prevent having to litigate claims in multiple jurisdictions and the threat of inconsistent or contrary rulings by different courts, among other considerations, our amended and restated bylaws will further provide that the federal district courts of the United States will be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaints asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act. We note, however, that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this exclusive forum provision. Further, the enforceability of similar choice of forum provisions in other companies’ charter documents has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court could find these types of provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable. For example, in December 2018, the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware determined that a provision stating that U.S. federal district courts are the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act is not enforceable. Although this decision was reversed by the Delaware Supreme Court in March 2020, other courts may still find these provisions to be inapplicable or unenforceable.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to this provision. This exclusive-forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and other employees. This exclusive forum provision will not apply to any causes of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. If a court were to find either exclusive-forum provision in our amended and restated bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving the dispute in other jurisdictions, which may harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are an “emerging growth company” and the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies may make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not

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“emerging growth companies,” including an exemption from compliance with the auditor attestation requirement on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, reduced disclosure obligations about our executive compensation arrangements and exemptions from the requirements to obtain a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation or stockholder approval of any golden parachute arrangements. As an “emerging growth company,” we are also allowed to delay adoption of new or revised accounting pronouncements applicable to public companies until such pronouncements are made applicable to private companies. As a result, our financial statements may not be comparable to those of companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates. Any difficulties in implementing these pronouncements could cause us to fail to meet our financial reporting obligations, which could result in regulatory discipline and harm investors’ confidence in us. We may take advantage of these exemptions for so long as we are an “emerging growth company,” which could be for as long as five full reporting years following the completion of this offering. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we will rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the trading price of our common stock may be more volatile.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about us, our business or our market, or if they change their recommendations regarding our common stock adversely, the trading price and trading volume of our common stock could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us, our business, our market or our competitors. The analysts’ estimates are based upon their own opinions and are often different from our estimates or expectations. If any of the analysts who cover us change their recommendation regarding our common stock adversely, provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, the trading price of our common stock would likely decline. If few securities analysts commence coverage of us, or if one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets and demand for our securities could decrease, which could cause the trading price and volume of our common stock to decline.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends for the foreseeable future on our common stock.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our common stock and do not intend to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future on our common stock. We anticipate that we will retain all of our future earnings for use in the operation of our business and for general corporate purposes. Except for any dividends we are obligated to make pursuant to our non-convertible preferred stock, assuming such stock remains outstanding, any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors. Further, so long as our non-convertible preferred stock remains outstanding, holders of such shares will have priority in payment of dividends over our common stockholders. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their capital stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.

Our principal stockholders will continue to have significant influence over the election of our board of directors and approval of any significant corporate actions, including any merger, consolidation, or sale of all or substantially all of our assets.

Our founders, executive officers, directors and other principal stockholders, in the aggregate, beneficially own a majority of our outstanding capital stock. These stockholders currently have, and likely will continue to have, significant influence with respect to the election of our board of directors and approval or disapproval of all significant corporate actions. In addition, certain of these holders have entered into voting agreements and voting proxies that further concentrate influence with respect to significant corporate actions. The concentrated voting power of these stockholders could have the effect of delaying or preventing an acquisition of us or another

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significant transaction. This influence over our affairs could, under some circumstances, be adverse to the interests of other stockholders.

An entity affiliated with Vahe Kuzoyan, our co-founder and President, borrowed funds from affiliates of an underwriter in this offering and has pledged shares of our common stock to secure such borrowings. The forced sale of these shares pursuant to a margin call could cause our stock price to decline and negatively impact our business.

In December 2021, Goldman Sachs Lending Partners LLC, an affiliate of Goldman, Sachs & Co. LLC, one of the underwriters of this offering, entered into a loan agreement and a security and pledge agreement, collectively referred to as the loan agreements, with Vahe Kuzoyan, our co-founder, President and a member of our board of directors and his spouse, individually and as trustees of the K-A Family Trust dated December 6, 2021, or the Trust. Under the loan agreements, Goldman Sachs Lending Partners LLC agreed to make a loan in the principal amount of $20 million, of which $12 million remains outstanding, to the Trust, to be used in connection with a home purchase and for personal liquidity needs. The loan is secured by pledges of a portion of our common stock currently owned by the Trust.

If the price of our common stock were to decline substantially, Mr. Kuzoyan, his spouse and the Trust may be forced by Goldman Sachs Lending Partners LLC to provide additional collateral for the loan or to sell shares of our common stock in order to remain within the margin limitations imposed under the terms of his loan. The loan between Goldman Sachs Lending Partners LLC, on the one hand, and Mr. Kuzoyan, his spouse and the Trust on the other hand, prohibits the non-pledged shares currently owned by Mr. Kuzoyan, his spouse and the Trust from being pledged to secure any other loans. These factors may limit Mr. Kuzoyan’s and the Trust’s ability to either pledge additional shares of our common stock or sell shares of our common stock as a means to avoid or satisfy a margin call with respect to the pledged shares of our common stock in the event of a decline in our stock price that is so substantial as to trigger a margin call. Any sales of common stock following a margin call that is not satisfied may cause the price of our common stock to decline further.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws, which statements involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally relate to future events or our future financial or operating performance. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements because they contain words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these words or other similar terms or expressions that concern our expectations, strategy, plans or intentions. Forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus include, but are not limited to, statements about:

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We caution you that the foregoing list may not contain all of the forward-looking statements made in this prospectus.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We have based the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus primarily on our current expectations and projections about future events and trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. The outcome of the events described in these forward-looking statements is subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for us to predict all risks and uncertainties that could have an impact on the forward-looking statements contained in this prospectus. We cannot assure you that the results, events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur, and actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in the forward-looking statements.

Neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy and completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. Moreover, the forward-looking statements made in this prospectus relate only to events as of the date on which the statements are made. We undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements made in this prospectus to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this prospectus or to reflect new information or the occurrence of unanticipated events, except as required by law. We may not actually achieve the plans, intentions or expectations disclosed in our forward-looking statements and you should not place undue reliance on our forward-looking statements. Our forward-looking statements do not reflect the potential impact of any future acquisitions, mergers, dispositions, joint ventures or investments we may make.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this prospectus, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

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INDUSTRY, MARKET AND OTHER DATA

Unless otherwise indicated, estimates and information contained in this prospectus concerning our industry and the market in which we operate, including our general expectations, market position, market opportunity and market size, are based on industry publications and reports generated by third-party providers, other publicly available studies and our internal sources and estimates. This information involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. Although we are responsible for all of the disclosures contained in this prospectus and we believe the information from the industry publications and other third-party sources included in this prospectus is reliable, we have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of the data contained in such sources. Market and industry data is subject to change and may be limited by the availability of raw data, the voluntary nature of the data gathering process and other limitations inherent in any statistical survey of such data. In addition, projections, assumptions and estimates of the future performance of the markets in which we operate are necessarily subject to uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by third parties and by us. Accordingly, you are cautioned not to place undue reliance on such market and industry data or any other such estimates.

The content of, or accessibility through, the below sources and websites, except to the extent specifically set forth in this prospectus, does not constitute a portion of this prospectus and is not incorporated herein and any websites are an inactive textual reference only.

The sources of the statistical data, estimates and market and industry data contained in this prospectus are identified by superscript notations and are provided below:

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the net proceeds to us from the sale of shares of our common stock in this offering will be approximately $   , based upon the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. If the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares of our common stock from us is exercised in full, we estimate that the net proceeds to us would be approximately $     , after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease the net proceeds that we receive from this offering by approximately $     , assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase or decrease of 1.0 million in the number of shares of our common stock offered by us would increase or decrease the net proceeds that we receive from this offering by approximately $     , assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

The principal purposes of this offering are to increase our capitalization and financial flexibility, create a public market for our common stock and enable access to the public equity markets for us and our stockholders. We intend to use the net proceeds we receive from this offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital, operating expenses and capital expenditures. Additionally, we may use a portion of the net proceeds to acquire or invest in businesses, products, services or technologies.

We cannot further specify with certainty the particular uses of the net proceeds that we will receive from this offering. Accordingly, we will have broad discretion in using these proceeds. The timing and amount of our actual expenditures will be based on many factors, including cash flows from operations and the anticipated growth of our business. Pending the use of proceeds from this offering as described above, we may invest the net proceeds that we receive in this offering in short-term, investment grade, interest-bearing instruments.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock. We currently intend to retain any future earnings and do not expect to pay any dividends in the foreseeable future, except for cash dividends that have accrued, or in the future accrue, on shares of our non-convertible preferred stock. Other than with respect to such cash dividends that have accrued, or in the future accrue, on shares of our non-convertible preferred stock, any future determination to declare cash dividends will be made at the discretion of our board of directors, subject to applicable laws, and will depend on a number of factors, including our financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, general business conditions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. In addition, the holders of our non-convertible preferred stock may have priority over the holders of our preferred stock or common stock with respect to any future determination to declare cash dividends. See the section titled “Description of Capital Stock—Non-Convertible Preferred Stock” for a discussion of the terms of our non-convertible preferred stock and the rights afforded to holders of such shares. Moreover, the terms of our Credit Agreement place certain limitations on the amount of cash dividends we can pay, even if no amounts are currently outstanding. See the section titled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Financial, Tax and Accounting Matters—Our Credit Agreement contains financial covenants and other restrictions on our actions that may limit our operational flexibility or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations.”

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth cash and cash equivalents, as well as our capitalization, as of January 31, 2024, as follows:

The as adjusted information set forth in the table below is illustrative only and will be adjusted based on the actual initial public offering price and other terms of this offering determined at pricing. You should read this table together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and the sections titled “Summary Consolidated Financial and Other Data” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” that are included elsewhere in this prospectus.

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If the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares of our common stock from us is exercised in full, pro forma as adjusted cash and cash equivalents, additional paid-in capital, total stockholders’ equity (deficit), total capitalization and shares of common stock outstanding as of January 31, 2024 would be $     , $     , $      , $      and      , respectively.

The pro forma and pro forma as adjusted columns in the table above are based on    shares of our common stock (after giving effect to the Capital Stock Conversion) outstanding as of January 31, 2024, and exclude the following:

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Our 2024 Plan and ESPP will each provide for annual automatic increases in the number of shares of our common stock reserved thereunder, and our 2024 Plan will provide for increases to the number of shares that may be granted thereunder based on shares under our 2015 Plan or our 2007 Plan that expire, are tendered to or withheld by us for payment of an exercise price or for satisfying tax withholding obligations or are forfeited or otherwise repurchased by us, as more fully described in the section titled “Executive Compensation—Employee Benefit and Stock Plans.”

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DILUTION

If you invest in our common stock in this offering, your ownership interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per share of our common stock and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after this offering. Dilution per share to new investors represents the difference between the amount per share paid by purchasers of shares of our common stock in this offering and the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock immediately after completion of this offering.

Net tangible book value (deficit) per share is determined by dividing our total tangible assets less our total liabilities, non-convertible preferred stock, and redeemable convertible preferred stock by the number of shares of our common stock outstanding. Our historical net tangible book value (deficit) as of January 31, 2024 was $    million, or $    per share. Our pro forma net tangible book value (deficit) as of January 31, 2024 was $    million, or $    per share, based on the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding as of January 31, 2024, after giving effect to (i) the Capital Stock Conversion, as if such conversion had occurred on January 31, 2024, resulting in a decrease in redeemable convertible preferred stock and an increase in total stockholders’ equity, (ii) stock-based compensation expense of $     associated with options and RSUs that contain a performance-based vesting condition that will be satisfied upon the effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, as if the offering had occurred on January 31, 2024, resulting in an increase in additional paid-in capital and accumulated deficit within total stockholders’ deficit and (iii) the filing and effectiveness of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation in Delaware that will become effective immediately prior to the completion of this offering.

After further giving effect to the sale and issuance by us of       shares of our common stock in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, net of $      million of offering costs paid as of January 31, 2024, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of January 31, 2024 would have been $     , or $      per share. This represents an immediate increase in pro forma net tangible book value of $      per share to our existing stockholders and an immediate dilution in pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value of $       per share to investors purchasing shares of our common stock in this offering at the assumed initial public offering price. The following table illustrates this dilution:

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease, as applicable, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share to new investors by $     , and would increase or decrease, as applicable, dilution per share to new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering by $     , assuming that the number of shares offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting underwriting

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discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase or decrease of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares of our common stock offered by us would increase or decrease, as applicable, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value by approximately $      per share and increase or decrease, as applicable, the dilution to new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering by $      per share, assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same, and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

If the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares of our common stock from us is exercised in full, the pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value per share of our common stock, as adjusted to give effect to this offering, would be $      per share, and the dilution in pro forma net tangible book value per share to new investors purchasing shares of common stock in this offering would be $      per share.

The following table presents, as of January 31, 2024, after giving effect to the Capital Stock Conversion, the differences between the existing stockholders and the new investors purchasing shares of our common stock in this offering with respect to the number of shares purchased from us, the total consideration paid or to be paid to us, which includes net proceeds received from the issuance of our common stock and the average price per share paid or to be paid to us at the assumed initial public offering price of $    per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us:

Each $1.00 increase or decrease in the assumed initial public offering price of $      per share, which is the midpoint of the estimated offering price range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, would increase or decrease, as applicable, the total consideration paid by new investors and total consideration paid by all stockholders by $     , assuming that the number of shares of our common stock offered by us, as set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, remains the same and after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us. Similarly, each increase or decrease of 1.0 million shares in the number of shares of our common stock offered by us would increase or decrease the total consideration paid by new investors and total consideration paid by all stockholders by $     , assuming the assumed initial public offering price remains the same and after deducting the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us.

Except as otherwise indicated, the above discussion and tables assume no exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares of our common stock from us. If the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares of our common stock is exercised in full, our existing stockholders would own      % and our new investors would own      % of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding upon completion of this offering.

The number of shares of our common stock that will be outstanding after this offering is based on      shares of our common stock (after giving effect to the Capital Stock Conversion) outstanding as of January 31, 2024, and excludes:

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Our 2024 Plan and ESPP each provide for annual automatic increases in the number of shares of our common stock reserved thereunder, and our 2024 Plan provides for increases to the number of shares that may be granted thereunder based on shares under our 2015 Plan or our 2007 Plan that expire, are tendered to or withheld by us for payment of an exercise price or for satisfying tax withholding obligations or are forfeited or otherwise repurchased by us, as more fully described in the section titled “Executive Compensation—Employee Benefit and Stock Plans.”

To the extent that any outstanding options to purchase our common stock are exercised, RSUs are settled or new awards are granted under our equity compensation plans, there will be further dilution to investors participating in this offering. In addition, we may choose to raise additional capital because of market conditions or strategic considerations, even if we believe that we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans. If we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the issuance of these securities could result in further dilution to our stockholders.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties and our actual results, events or circumstances could differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those identified below and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” and other parts of this prospectus. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any period in the future. The last day of our fiscal year is January 31, and our fiscal quarters end on April 30, July 31, October 31 and January 31. Our fiscal years ended January 31, 2023 and 2024 are referred to herein as fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2024, respectively.

Overview

ServiceTitan is the operating system that powers the trades.

We are modernizing a massive and technologically underserved industry—an industry commonly referred to as the “trades.” The trades consist of the collection of field service activities required to install, maintain, and service the infrastructure and systems of residences and commercial buildings.

Our founders, Ara Mahdessian and Vahe Kuzoyan, founded ServiceTitan to provide tradespeople, like their parents, with technology that is purpose-built to help trades businesses thrive. We built our cloud-based software platform to offer end-to-end capabilities to manage complex workflows, connect key stakeholders and provide impactful industry best practices. ServiceTitan remains to this day maniacally focused on the success of our customers as we fundamentally believe that our customers’ success leads to our success.

Since our founding, we have translated our passion for the trades into a commitment to innovation.

We serve many trades, including plumbing, electrical, HVAC, garage door, pest control, landscaping and others. As of January 31, 2024, we served over      customers and in fiscal 2024, we processed over $     billion of Gross Transaction Value, or GTV. GTV represents the sum of total dollars invoiced by our customers to end customers through our platform in a given period, which is intended to be a proxy for the total revenue our customers generate from their end customers. We define a customer as a parent organization, which may have multiple locations, brands or subsidiaries that have been billed in the prior three months, and we strategically focus on customers that spend over $     on an annualized basis with us, which we define as Active Customers. Our customers range in size from family-owned contractors with a few employees to large franchises with national footprints of over 500 locations and over one billion dollars in annual GTV, as of January 31, 2024. As of January 31, 2024, we supported customers that operate in zip codes representing approximately     % of the U.S. population, based on U.S. census data as of     . From our founding through January 31, 2024, over     million jobs have been completed by our customers through our platform. As of January 31, 2024, our Active Customers had on average approximately      employees and $     in annual GTV. As of January 31, 2024, we had over      Active Customers, representing over     % of our revenue for fiscal 2024. No single customer, including the aggregation of customers with a central buying negotiator (such as a franchise network), had aggregated revenue that exceeded     % of our revenue in fiscal 2023 or fiscal 2024. As a testament to our platform’s ability to scale with our customers, as of January 31, 2024, we had      customers with annualized spend exceeding $     on our platform.

We designed our platform to address key workflows within a trades business. Contractors spend their days interfacing with the ServiceTitan platform across what we believe to be the five most business-critical functions, or the “core centers of gravity,” inside a trades business: CRM (customer relationship management, including sales enablement, marketing automation and customer service), FSM (field service management, including scheduling

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and dispatching), ERP (enterprise resource planning, including inventory), HCM (human capital management, including compensation and payroll) and FinTech (including payments and third-party consumer financing).

We go to market with our platform in three ways: Core, Pro and FinTech Products. Our Core offers a base-level functionality across all key workflows, including call tracking, scheduling, dispatching, end-customer communications, marketing automation, estimating, job costing, sales, inventory and payroll. To supplement our Core and provide an even higher level of functionality, we offer our Pro products, which provide value-additive capabilities such as Marketing Pro, Pricebook Pro, Dispatch Pro and Scheduling Pro, as well as our FinTech products, which include payment processing and third-party financing solutions.

We are intimately aware of the challenges our customers face every day. Our platform is differentiated by our close customer proximity and deep connection with the trades industry, which enables us to make real-time, evidence-based recommendations to our customers, augmented by the vast amounts of data that we synthesize into best practices. Our platform enables impactful outcomes for our customers, including accelerating revenue and driving operational efficiency, all while improving the experience for both end customers and contractors. As customers experience the significant business acceleration benefits of our platform, we have often observed our customers hire more technicians, increase GTV and adopt more of our products. Increased customer adoption of our platform leads to further data and insights, allowing us to build more differentiated features and address opportunities in new trades, use cases and customer subsegments. All of this allows us to drive more growth and efficiency for customers, delivering outsized return on investment, or ROI, in our products. As the functionality and utility of our platform continues to expand, we benefit from the growth in the number of customers on, degree of usage of, and GTV flow through our platform.

We have consistently grown and scaled our business operations organically and through acquisitions in recent periods, while investing for the future. From fiscal 2021 to fiscal 2024, our revenue grew from $179.2 million to $     million, respectively, representing a compound annual growth rate of   %. Most recently, our revenue was $467.7 million and $    million for fiscal 2023 and 2024, respectively, representing a year-over-year increase of  %. During fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2024, we incurred net losses of $269.5    million and $    million, respectively. During fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2024, we incurred losses from operations of $221.9 million and $     million, respectively, with $97.1 million and $     million in non-GAAP losses from operations, respectively. Our net loss, loss from operations and non-GAAP loss from operations in recent periods reflect our continued investment in the growth of our business to capture the large market opportunity available to us.⁷

Our Revenue Model

We have two general categories of revenue: (i) platform revenue and (ii) professional services and other revenue.

Platform Revenue: The majority of our revenue is platform revenue, which we generate through (a) subscription revenue generated from access to and use of our platform, including subscriptions to our Core and certain Pro products, and (b) usage-based revenue generated from the transactions using our FinTech solutions and usage of certain Pro products. Our customer contracts are generally based on the number of users, mix of products, number of end customers and the amount of GTV. Platform revenue is generated through the following:

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We benefit from the predictable nature of our platform revenue. For fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2024, our platform revenue represented 95% and     % of our revenue, respectively, which we believe demonstrates the general recurring nature of our platform revenue.

Professional Services and Other Revenue: We generate a lesser portion of our revenue from primarily professional services to provide onboarding, implementation and configuration support to our customers and training to their employees. Professional services and other revenue also includes live voice and chat services. Other revenue includes certain ancillary products and services sold to customers. Our professional services and other revenue represented 5 % and     % of our revenue for fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2024, respectively.

Our Business Model

The trades form a critical but heavily fragmented industry. Trades businesses are often difficult to reach through traditional enterprise software sales and marketing approaches, which are designed to engage IT departments as buyers. We engage trades businesses with a deep understanding of their unique needs and objectives and with a mindset focused on creating a clear and immediate value add.

Our customers’ success is our first priority. By making our customers more successful, we establish proof points that strengthen our brand and attract additional customers to our platform. This powers a referral-based, go-to-market flywheel that furthers our ability to efficiently serve the market.

We employ several strategies to efficiently go-to-market. These include digital marketing, which draws inbound leads to our website, and outbound direct marketing, such as targeted phone outreach. We also benefit from significant word-of-mouth and often generate new business through referrals from current customers and industry partners that are trusted across the trades, including industry associations, OEMs and distributors. We extend our reach further through industry conferences, including our annual customer conferences, Pantheon and Ignite, which were most recently held in fall 2023 with collectively over 3,500 customers and 50 partners, including OEMs, technology partners and trade associations, in attendance. These conferences organically grow our brand awareness, reinforce our trusted leadership within the industry, generate a robust pipeline of potential customers and keep us informed of evolving customer needs to guide our innovation. Combined with a robust outbound marketing program, these efforts fuel our sales pipeline, resulting in product demonstration requests and sales opportunities.

Our customers’ journey begins with onboarding and training, which we see as essential to our customers’ success. During onboarding, our teams heavily invest in our customers’ success by ensuring an effective implementation experience. We train technicians, customer service representatives and other office employees and integrate their data flows and systems with our platform to maximize the value we can deliver. We accordingly price our onboarding services competitively as acquisition, retention and sales velocity tools.

Once onboarded, customers often expand their relationship with us by layering on additional functionality as they see the benefit of our platform and their specific needs evolve. We pride ourselves in our ability to anticipate and

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recommend which products would best serve a customer’s unmet needs. We employ dedicated FinTech and Pro product sales teams that introduce these products at the right time for each customer, leveraging our industry and internal expertise to know the appropriate moment to approach the customer. Our ability to retain and expand customer relationships is evidenced by our net dollar retention rate of     % as of January 31, 2024.⁸

Key Factors Affecting Our Business Performance

We believe that the growth and future success of our business is dependent upon many factors, including those described below.

Acquire New Customers

We have a history of growing the number of customers on our platform. As of January 31, 2024, we served over      Active Customers and are focused on continuing to grow the number of Active Customers that use our platform. We strategically focus on Active Customers, who we believe have achieved the scale necessary to leverage our products and exhibit consistent behaviors across our customer base. Active Customers drove over     % of our revenue in fiscal 2023 and over     % of our revenue in fiscal 2024. We grew Active Customers from      in fiscal 2023 to      in fiscal 2024, a     % year-over-year increase. We believe our market opportunity is substantial, and we expect to continue to make significant investments across all aspects of our business in order to continue to attract new customers.

Serve Additional Customers in Existing Trades. We designed our platform to address key workflows within a trades business. In contrast, existing solutions are difficult to adopt and are resource-intensive to stitch together in a manner that would address multiple workflows and generate return on investment for trades businesses. This gives us a substantial opportunity to continue to invest in our platform and in our sales and marketing efforts to add more customers in the expansive set of trade verticals we have penetrated so far. We also believe that there is further potential to expand our customer base by productizing additional capabilities for these trade verticals.

Extend Our Customer Footprint by Penetrating New Trades. ServiceTitan began by serving a single trade, plumbing, focused on residential homes, and now serves many trades that serve all sites: homes, businesses, and even new construction. As we have penetrated new trades over time, we have significantly expanded our potential customer reach, unlocking new markets to drive future customer growth. We plan to continue to innovate and expand into new trade verticals through our playbook of harnessing common features of the trades industry, while also identifying and building features specific to each new trade vertical. It takes significant time and research and development to identify new trade verticals to enter and build out functionalities on top of our common products to ensure we can go to market with an end-to-end offering in that new vertical. At times, we have and will continue to opportunistically consider acquisitions or other strategic opportunities to accelerate our penetration into a new trade vertical. For example, through our acquisition of Aspire, we were able to immediately expand into commercial landscaping while simultaneously focusing our efforts on areas where we could organically drive immediate value to residential and commercial customers in existing trades. Expanding into new trades through acquisitions or other strategic transactions requires investment capital and management’s attention to ensure successful integration.

Expand Our Geographic Footprint to Reach Additional Customers. We intend to explore expanding our footprint given the significant market opportunity outside the United States and Canada. To date, we have not made any significant investments in growing our presence in international markets, but we believe there is a significant demand for our platform internationally. Our ability to conduct operations internationally and acquire customers in new geographies will require significant management attention, resources and sales and marketing investment to build brand awareness including partnering with local trade organizations and social media groups to efficiently reach new customers there.

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Retain and Expand Our Existing Customer Relationships

Our ability to retain and increase the revenue we earn from existing customers is a key driver of our future business performance and depends on our customers renewing their subscriptions to our platform, expanding their number of users, increasing the usage of existing solutions and GTV, and adopting additional products. We have observed that as customers experience the significant business acceleration benefits of our platform, they typically not only remain on our platform but also often hire more technicians, increase GTV and adopt more of our products. This behavior is evidenced by our net dollar retention rate, which increased from     % as of January 31, 2023 to     % as of January 31, 2024, and is driven by three key abilities:⁹

Retain Our Customers. Our ability to retain existing customers on our platform differentiates us from our competitors and underscores the long-term value of our customer relationships. Our customer relationship begins with a thorough onboarding process. Then, our customers deploy our platform end-to-end across their entire organization, meaning the ServiceTitan platform powers their workflows and is the primary interface used by their employees. As a result, we become deeply embedded as the operating system that powers our customers’ businesses. Over time, our Customer Success Management teams work closely with our customers to assist them in fully utilizing our platform in the most effective way possible including training employees, importing data and integrating systems with our platform. As a result, we have seen strong retention of customers using our platform, as demonstrated by our gross dollar retention rate of    % as of January 31, 2024.¹⁰

Grow with Our Customers. Our long-term revenue growth is correlated with the success of customers on our platform, and we strive to support the growth of their businesses. Our platform often accelerates revenue growth for our customers by empowering their technicians and employees with the best tools and training to drive better end-customer outcomes that, in turn, generate higher ticket sizes and more repeatable work orders. As our customers grow on our platform, generating more sales, hiring more technicians, and automating more workflows, they also significantly increase GTV, and, in turn, drive our growth and financial success.

Drive More Value to Our Customers through Additional Product Adoption. As customers realize the benefits of our Core offering, they often adopt one or more of our FinTech and Pro products. We efficiently expand our customer relationships over time to serve their additional needs and automate more workflows through our platform. We believe that the more our customers use our platform to power their workflows, the more value we deliver to them, and the higher revenue we can earn from them. Our ability to increase adoption of our products

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will depend on customer satisfaction with our platform, competition, pricing and our ability to continuously demonstrate the value proposition of our products. We plan to continue investing in sales and marketing, thought leadership, industry resources and customer success initiatives with a focus on driving additional value to customers on our platform.

Build New Products to Extend Our Platform.

We have a culture of significant innovation evidenced by the extension of our platform’s capabilities over time, producing new workflows across trades. We intend to continue to invest in research and development to expand and improve the functionality of our platform, to develop new FinTech and Pro products and to broaden our capabilities to address new market opportunities across trades. Additionally, we have considered, and will continue to opportunistically consider, innovative opportunities for acquisitions or other strategic transactions that advance our product roadmap more efficiently than building functionality ourselves through research and development. For example, we acquired Schedule Engine, an online booking technology, to address end customers’ expectation to book their trade service online. This inorganic product expansion requires significant capital, management attention to ensure successful integration of the companies and research and development resources to integrate the new product into our platform.

We intend to continue leveraging our extensive data-driven insights to judiciously invest in research and development to enhance the capabilities of our platform and develop new FinTech and Pro products. Powering key workflows of our customers through our Core positions us to deliver value-added Pro products and FinTech offerings that complement our Core offering. We build each Pro and FinTech product as an integrated add-on to our expansive Core offering to deliver our customers business outcomes in a way that we believe no individual, standalone point solution can. As we continue to innovate and execute on our product roadmap, we believe customers will continue to find our new products additive and therefore continue to adopt them.

We believe that there is further potential to expand our market opportunity by building new products to earn an even greater potential share of our customers’ GTV in the future. Our engrained position in the industry enables us to continuously monitor the evolving needs of trades businesses and develop relevant new tools accordingly. While our engrained industry position and exposure to the trades facilitate efficient product development opportunities, innovating new products will continue to require substantial time and research and development resources.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We have two general categories of revenue as set forth below:

Platform Revenue

We principally generate platform revenue through (i) subscription revenue generated from access to and use of our platform, including subscriptions to our Core and certain Pro products, and (ii) usage-based revenue generated from the transactions using our FinTech solutions and usage of certain Pro products. Our customer contracts are generally based on the number of users, mix of products, number of end customers and the amount of GTV.

We offer tiered subscription plans for our Core and Pro products with varying contract lengths. Pursuant to these subscription contracts our customers do not have the ability to take possession of our proprietary software. For new customers, we enter into either annual or multi-year subscription agreements with contract terms ranging from 12 to 36 months; however, some older customers are on month-to-month contracts. In nearly all cases, these contracts (monthly, annual, or multi-year) are renewed automatically unless canceled in advance. We generally bill our customers on a monthly basis in advance of services, regardless of contract term. In some cases for

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certain products, the customer pays in arrears. Pricing for these subscriptions are driven by the features included in the package and are linked to the size of the customer’s business, generally based on the number of field technicians at the customer but in some cases directly tied to the number of end customers or the customer’s revenue. In this way, our success is linked to the growth of our customers.

When subscription fees are received in advance of providing the related services, we record deferred revenue on our consolidated balance sheet and recognize the revenue ratably over the related subscription period.

Usage-based services primarily consist of payment processing where we connect to third-party processors to allow our customers to accept payments, primarily credit and debit cards, and also includes end-customer financing solutions and other forms of payment. The third-party processor determines the eligibility of the end customer to participate in the programs, provides the payment settlement and financing options to the end customer and is responsible for the provision of the payment or financing services. We receive a fee from the third-party processors, depending on the size and type of the transaction, which we recognize net of interchange and other direct expenses which are passed onto the customer. Revenue from financing and processing payments is recognized at the time of the transaction. In addition to payment processing revenue, we have a number of Pro products that generate revenue depending on the level of usage, which we recognize monthly in arrears based on consumption.

Professional Services and Other Revenue

Professional services and other revenue is primarily derived from services we provide to our customers, principally onboarding, training, and some ongoing professional services. Professional services and other revenue also includes live voice and chat services. Fees for these professional services are generally invoiced separately at the commencement of the contract or as ordered by the customer. Revenue is recognized for professional services as the services are performed.

Cost of Revenue

Platform

Cost of platform revenue consists of personnel related costs in connection with product support and customer success, as well as costs related to the provision of the platform services. Costs related to the provision of our platform services primarily comprise fees paid to third-party service providers, platform infrastructure and server costs and payment processing fees. Personnel related costs primarily include salary, employee benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation. In addition, cost of platform revenue includes amortization of certain acquired intangible assets, amortization of capitalized internal-use software costs directly related to our cloud-based software solution and allocated overhead.

We accumulate certain costs such as depreciation, rent, utilities, and other facilities costs and allocate them across the various expense categories based on headcount. We refer to these costs as “allocated overhead.”

Professional Services and Other

Professional services and other cost of revenue consists primarily of personnel related costs in connection with providing customer onboarding and customer adoption, live voice and chat services, amortization of certain acquired intangible assets, and allocated overhead. Personnel related costs primarily include salary, employee benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation. Other cost of revenue includes the cost of other ancillary products and services sold to customers. Professional services and other cost of revenue historically has exceeded professional services and other revenue as we invest in providing customers with implementation and onboarding services to enhance customer success.

Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist of sales and marketing, research and development and general and administrative expenses. For each of these categories of expense, personnel related costs consisting primarily of salary, employee benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation are the most significant components.

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We anticipate incurring significant additional operating expenses during the period in which we complete our initial public offering as a result of the stock-based compensation expense associated with our options and restricted stock units as well as additional stock-based compensation expense going forward.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expense consists primarily of personnel related costs, commissions, consulting costs and other costs incurred in connection with our sales and marketing efforts. Sales and marketing expense also includes marketing and advertising expenses, such as our annual customer conferences, Pantheon and Ignite, and travel and trade show expenses, amortization of acquired customer intangible assets and allocated overhead. As our annual customer conferences are a significant sales and marketing events, we expect an increase in sales and marketing expense during the quarter in which they occur. We expect that sales and marketing expense will increase on an absolute dollar basis as we invest to grow our business. We plan to continue to expand sales and marketing efforts to attract new customers, retain existing customers and increase revenue from both new and existing customers. This growth will include adding outbound sales personnel and expanding our marketing activities to continue to generate additional leads.

Research and Development

Research and development expense consists primarily of personnel related costs incurred in connection with product management and development efforts. Research and development expense also includes fees to third-party development resources, technology fees, and allocated overhead. We expect that research and development expense will increase on an absolute dollar basis as we invest to grow our business.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel related costs for our executive, finance, legal, information systems, operations and human resource teams. General and administrative expense also includes professional fees, other outside consulting expenses, acquisition and disposal related expenses and allocated overhead. We expect that general and administrative expenses will increase on an absolute dollar basis but over time decrease as a percentage of total revenue as we focus on the efficiency of our processes and systems that will enable our internal support functions to scale with the growth of our business. In the short term, we anticipate increases to general and administrative expenses as we incur the costs of compliance associated with being a public company, including increased accounting and legal expenses.

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net, consists primarily of interest expense related to our debt arrangements with financial institutions, loss on extinguishment of debt, gains or losses on foreign currency transactions and miscellaneous other income.

Benefit From Income Taxes

Our income tax benefit consists primarily of the deferred tax benefit resulting from the partial release of our valuation allowances as net deferred tax liabilities from acquired companies were an available source of income

to realize our deferred tax assets, partially offset by U.S. federal and state and foreign income taxes. We maintain a full valuation allowance for our federal and state net deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards, that are unable to be offset by our federal and state deferred tax liabilities, as we have concluded that it is not more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the period indicated:

Comparison of Fiscal 2023 and 2024

Revenue

Revenue     by $    , or     %, for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023.

Platform revenue     by $     million, or    %, for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. This      was primarily driven by in      subscription revenue which     by $     million, or    %, for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. This      was primarily driven by     . In addition, usage revenue     by $     million, or    %, for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. This      was primarily driven by     .

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Professional services and other revenue      by $    million, or    %, for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. This      was primarily driven by      .

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue      by $    , or    % for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. Gross margin was    % for fiscal 2024, compared to 57% for fiscal 2023.

Platform cost of revenue     by $    million, or    %, for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. This      was primarily due to     . Platform gross margin      to    % for fiscal 2024, compared to 68% for fiscal 2023 due to     .

Professional services and other cost of revenue     by $    million, or    %, for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. This      was primarily due to     . Professional services and other gross margin      to    % for fiscal 2024, compared to (151)% for fiscal 2023 due to     .

Operating Expenses

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expense      by $     , or    %, for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. The      in sales and marketing expense was primarily driven by     .

Research and Development

Research and development expense      by $     , or    %, for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. The      in research and development expense was primarily driven by     .

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General and Administrative

General and administrative expense      by $     , or    %, for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. The      in general and administrative expense was primarily driven by     .

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net      by $   , or    %, for fiscal 2024, compared to fiscal 2023. The      in other expense, net was primarily driven by     .

Benefit from Income Taxes